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“QLD GLORY” 


THE FLAG OF OUR COUNTRY 


H Supplementary IReafcer 

Containing Practical Lessons in Patriotism for Use in Public 
or Private Schools 


By ALBERT ELIAS MALTBY, Ph.D. 

Principal of Slippery Rock State Normal School 


Fully Illustrated 


“ IVe join ourselves to no party that does not carry the flag and 
keep step to the music of the Union” 


— Rufus Choate. 



PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 
SLIPPERY ROCK, PA. 

1897 

2 - 





CR " 3 

.I * 5 , 
<^ns 


Copyright, 1894 and 1897 

BT 

ALBERT E. MALTBY 


All rights reserved 


GIFT 

AUTHOR 

JUN 1 2 >25 



Typography by Suppery Ro«k Signal 



DEDICA TED 
TO 


MY WIFE 


As some divinely gifted man , 

Whose life in low estate began 
A nd on a simple village green; 

Who breaks his birth's invidious bat; 

And grasps the skirts of happy chance , 
And breasts the blows of circumstance , 
And grapples with his evil star; 

Who makes by force his merit known , 
And lives to clutch the golden keys , 

To ?nould a mighty state's decrees , 
And shape the whisper of a throne; 

And moving up from high to higher , 
Becomes on Fortune's crowning slope 
The pillar of a people's hope , 

The center of a zvorld's desire. 


There ues the most perfect ruler of men the world 
fi as EVER SEEN. —Edwin M. Stanton at the death-bed of Lincoln. 



PREFACE 


The author of these pages has endeavored to supply, in a 
convenient form for the classroom, such data concerning the 
history of our flag as he considered most useful to the progres¬ 
sive teacher. During the years in which he has been engaged 
in teaching, various drawings have been made by him, and, in 
the following pages, these have been placed at the service of 
teachers. It is believed that love of country and reverence for 
our flag should be inculcated in all the work of our schools. 

Of course something beside a per cent examination or a 
diploma is needed to fit a teacher for the kind of work required 
in teaching patriotism in our public schools. The teacher must 
feel the sentiment individually, and heart and soul must be in 
the effort. The beautiful ceremony of the “Salutation of the 
Flag,” educative, inspiring, and uplifting as it most certainly is, 
should not be confined to the Industrial Schools of New York 
City. Each child in our public schools needs this daily re¬ 
minder of his duty and privileges. The study of the national 
flag as a thing of beauty is something that should be undertaken 
by teachers, so that they will not at least, as we have heard 
concerning one hypercritical instructor, teach that the colors in 
our flag are not such as harmonize. Beyond all theory of color 
must be the greater harmony of relation. 

The national flag should be honored at other times than 
Decoration Day, and Fourth-of-July. A century has been con¬ 
sumed in raising the flag to the top of our schoolhouses. Eet 
us not spend another in introducing this custom of salutation, 



6 Preface 

but see to it at once that we as individual teachers inaugurate it 
in our own schoolrooms. 

The plans for the making of the flag by paper-folding are 
included in order that the teachers in the primary grades may 
be able to avail themselves of this beautiful device. 

The plans for cutting the stars, and for folding and cutting 
some simple designs in regular, geometrical forms will be found 
useful in the schoolroom. The methods are new, and have 
stood the test of the classroom. A few simple examples of 
Eroebel’s forms of beauty have been added for the teacher’s use. 

The spirit of a free people must be formed and nourished 
out of the storehouse of historic recollections. What need to 
go to Greek or Latin texts for examples of patriotism ? On every 
page of our country’s history may be found examples of the 
noblest sentiment that can animate man in his character as a cit¬ 
izen. The teacher in the public .schools should seek at home 
for the great practical lessons of patriotism. In the characters 
of our own forefathers there is neither doubt nor mystery, only 
manly resistance for the sake of conscience and liberty. Let the 
children commit to memory the sayings of patriots, and learn the 
national songs. In order to render service in this line of work, 
many such selections have been added. 

Prof. Isaac N. Moore, of the State Normal faculty, has 
assisted greatly in the revision of the plates. 

Acknowledgment is due to Houghton, Mifflin & Co., pub¬ 
lishers of the works of Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell, Taylor, and 
Whittier, for permission to use selections herein given. Our 
thanks are due to Wallace Bruce whose beautiful poems upon 
patriotic subjects appear in this volume. 


State normae Schooe, Seippery Rock, Pa. 
June 29, 1897 


A. E. M. 


CONTENTS 


Frontispiece Declaration of Independence Trumbull 


Dedication.. . .3 

Preface . 5 

History of our Flag 9 

Old Glory . 9 

Star-Spangled Banner . . . . . 19 

Arrangement of the Stars . . . . . 22 

Old Battle-Flags . . . . . . .28 

Patriotism in the School.29 

Salutation of the Flag ...... 29 

Patriotic Songs ....... 33 

Yankee Doodle . . . . . . *34 

America . . . . . . . . 38 

Battle Hymn of the Republic, etc. . . . 

Patriotic Addresses and Quotations ... 59 

Washington’s Farewell Address ..... 63 

Lincoln’s Address at Gettysburg . . . . 75 

Watch-Words of Patriotism . . . . . 

Patriotic Poems.97 

Flag Drills and Exercises.119 

Flag Drill I.. . . .119 

Flag Drill II.127 

Washington’s Maxims. .134 











8 


Contents 


Flag Drills and Exercises ( Continued ) 

. 

1 3 6 

Acrostic—Lexington 


*36 

Acrostic—Washington 


l 37 

Tributes to Washington 

. 

138 

Memorial Day . . . . 

. 

140 

Speech to Confederate Veterans . William McKinley 

r 45 

Abraham Lincoln . 


148 

Acrostic . . . . . 


148 

Historical Facts .... 


149 

Tributes 


J 53 

Flag Exercise—“The Color Bearers’’ 

. 

L 54 

Lincoln at Gettysburg 

Wallace Bruce 

*65 

How Johnny Cut the Star . 

. 

167 

Poems for Memorial Day^ etc. 


170 

Programmes for Various Days 


180 

A Flag by Folding 


185 

When the Flag should be Displayed . 

.* 

190 

Badges of the Army Corps 

. 

191 

The Confederate Flag 

. 

199 

Index ....... 


205 

Plates Old Glory in June 1777 

Opposite 

16 

Revolutionary Flag 


18 

Development of the Flag . 


26 

Our Flag of 1897 ( Colored ) 

.. 

106 

Portrait of Washington 

. 

132 

Portrait of Lincoln 


148 

Kindergarten Flag .... 

• « 

186 




THE HISTORY OF OUR FLAG 


,“OI/D GLORY” 

The American flag, “Old Glory,” is to all true lovers of our 
country the most beautiful emblem of a nation’s power. Float¬ 
ing in the breeze, it means more than mere glory to the brave 
defenders who purchased by blood and treasure, freely given for 
the country’s welfare, that union of states and of hearts which it 
symbolizes. To the true student of his country’s history, its 
contemplation brings to memory the scenes of strife on land and 
sea where the grand old flag was ever in the van. 

General Sherman once said: “There is more than history 
in that emblem.; it has a symmetry, a beauty, a gentle influence 
indescribable that is felt when in foreign parts afloat .you watch 
the distant masthead and make out the fluttering stripes of 
white and red ;— or when in the tight pinch of battle, gritting 
your teeth and waiting for death, that flag comes over the hill 
to your relief, its stars shining like suns.” 

Flags have been used by all races and nations. It is proba¬ 
ble that as soon as men began to collect together for common 
purposes some kind of object was used, as the symbol of the 
common sentiment, as a rallying point of the common force. 
In military operations, flags became necessary as guides to the 
ordering of the different bands when on the march or in battle. 
Besides, it cannot be doubted that flags or their equivalents 
have often served, by reminding men of past deeds or of past 



10 


The Banners of Reuben and Dan 

heroes, to rally to enthusiasm those sentiments of esprit de corps , 
of family pride and honor, of personal devotion, of patriotism, or 
of religion upon which so much of success in warfare depends. 

According to the old rabbinical writers, when the children 
of Israel marched through the wilderness, banners with figures 
emblematic of character were carried by the different tribes. 
Tradition says that the four leading tribes, Reuben, Ephraim, 
Judah, and Dan, bore as devices respectively, a man, an ox, a 
lion, and an eagle. Banners, standards, and ensigns are fre¬ 
quently mentioned in the Bible. “Every man of the children 
of Israel shall pitch by his standard, with the ensign of their 
father’s house.” (Num. ii, 2) “We will rejoice in thy salva¬ 
tion, and in the name of our God we will set up our banners.” 
(Ps. xx. 5) 

In the time of Cyrus, the Persians adopted for their stand¬ 
ard a white flag with a golden eagle displayed. The Greeks 
bore various symbols. According to Homer, Agamemnon used 
a purple veil to rally his men. With the Romans the custom 
was reduced to a system, and every century , or at least each 
maniple , had its proper standard and standard-bearers. In the 
early days of the republic a handful of hay was borne on a 
pole, whence came the name Manipulus . Later, the forms be¬ 
came very diverse. In place of the bundle of hay appeared the 
figure of an open hand, a wolf, a bear, a horse, or other animal. 
In the time of Marius a silver eagle, with expanded wings and 
holding the thunderbolts of Jove in its extended talons, was 
adopted as the standard of the legion. Of this, the different 
eagles, white, black, and red, with single or double heads, borne 
as arms by the countries of modern Europe, are imitations. 
Of the emperors, Augustus used a globe to symbolize his empire 
over the world ; and Constantine adopted the cross to com¬ 
memorate his vision. The labarum of later emperors was 


II 


Symbolism of Colors 

similar in shape. The vexillum was a square piece of cloth 
fastened to a piece of wood fixed crosswise to the end of a spear. 
The Roman standards were guarded with religious veneration 
in the temples at Rome ; and the reverence of this people for 
their ensigns was in proportion to their superiority in all that 
tends to success in war. It was not unusual for a general to 
cause the standard to be cast into the ranks of the enemy, to add 
zeal to the onset of his soldiers by exciting them to recover 
what to them was the most sacred thing the earth possessed. 
The Roman soldier swore by his ensign. 

The earliest flags proper were probably squares of cloth of 


u U 

Fig. i. Fig. 2. 

a single color, but in modern times flags of a single color have 
generally a universally accepted meaning. A white flag is a 
token of peace.—The truce flag at Appomattox was a towel, and 
not a very clean one. It is now in the possession of Mr. Curtis 
of Monroe, Mich.—A red flag is a token of defiance, and is 
carried by anarchists and other revolutionists. The black flag 
denotes piracy, and is sometimes hoisted to indicate that no 
quarter will be given. A yellow flag indicates quarantine. 

The national flag of Great Britain is the result of the com¬ 
bination of the several ensigns of England, Scotland, and 













i2 The Flag of Great Britain 

Ireland. St. George had long been the patron saint of Eng¬ 
land, and his banner, a red cross upright on a white field, was 
the national ensign. The patron saint of Scotland was St. 
Andrew, and his banner was a white cross oblique on a blue 
field. King James L, on succeeding to the throne of England 
and thus uniting the two crowns, issued a proclamation that 
“all subjects of this isle and of the kingdom of Great Britain 
shall in the main-top of their ships carry the red cross com- 
monly called St. George’s cross and the 
white cross commonly called St. Andrew’s 

- - cross, joined together according to the 

form made by our own heralds.” This 
form was the first union jack of England, 
and was borne as the standard until 1801 

- when the union with Ireland was recog- 

Fig. 3. nized. A new ensign was then ordered 

to be prepared which should combine the oblique red cross ot 
St. Patrick with the other two. The result was the “meteor 
flag of England,” the present Union Jack , known throughout 
the world. Upon a field of white it forms the great national 
standard of England, flown at the mast-head of all men-of-war. 
Fields of red are used in the merchant marine, and blue in some 
other branches of the service. 

But the interest of Americans must center in the evolution 
of our own bright flag. The people of our country believe that 
they know the national flag when they see it, yet many are 
certainly unable to distinguish between the standard Stars and 
Stripes and its imitations. It should be remembered that the 
flag is not a hap-hazard arrangement of alternate red and white 
stripes with stars on a blue field, but an emblem made in a cer¬ 
tain definite manner prescribed by law and official regulations. 
The first flags used by the American colonies were natu- 














The Rattlesnake Flags 


13 


rally those of the mother country, but the spirit of freedom 
showed itself in a constant tendency to modify it to express some 
settled conviction. In 1636, Endicott, the Puritan governor 01 
Massachusetts, cut the cross out of the banner to show his 
hatred of Romanism, but in 1651 the parliament of the com¬ 
monwealth revived the old standard of St. George, and the 
general court ordered it to be used on all necessary occa¬ 
sions. The modifications in use at different times were various. 
Sometimes the plain red cross was shown upon the white field, 
sometimes the field was red or blue with the red cross cantoned. 



Fig. 4. 


Occasionally, a pine tree was placed in the upper canton formed 
by the cross. When the spirit of liberty began to sweep over 
the land, the modifications became plainly marked. Mottoes 
were added indicating the purposes of the men who threw the 
flags to the breeze. The “union flags” mentioned by the papers 
of 1774 were English red ensigns bearing the union jack, and 
mottoes, such as, “ Liberty,” “ Liberty and Union,” etc. As 
the feeling of indignation increased, the famous rattlesnake 
flag of the Culpepper Minute Men with its mottoes, “Liberty 









14 


“An Appeal to Heaven ” 


or Death,” and u Don’t Tread on Me,” might well have served 
as a warning to the home government not to carry the op¬ 
pression to the extreme. The first republican flag used in the 
South was blue with a white crescent in the upper corner, and 
was raised over the city of Charleston in September, 1775. A 
white flag, bearing a green pine tree and the motto, “An Ap¬ 
peal to Heaven,” was adopted by the provincial congress or 
Massachusetts, April 29, 1776, as the one to be used by the 
ships of the colony. 

After the devices of the palmetto, the rattlesnake, and the 


a 



Fig. 5. 

pine tree, the next step in the evolution of the flag was the 
“Grand Union” flag unfurled at Washington’s head-quarters ar 
Cambridge, January 2, 1776. The colors were red, white, and 
blue, and there were thirteen stripes as in the flag to-day, but 
the field was not yet spangled with stars. The blue field carried 
the united crosses of St. George and St. Andrew instead of the 
white five-pointed stars. This flag was the result of a confer¬ 
ence between Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison, who 
were chosen to select some device. It will be noticed that it 
consisted of the king’s colors, betokening the still recognized 




The Origin of the Stripes 


i5 


sovereignty of England, but joined with the thirteen stripes, 
emblematic of the union of the American colonies against 
British tyranny. (Fig. A) 

As to the origin of the stripes in the flag, the theories ad¬ 
vanced are very interesting. It has been suggested that they 
were originally drawn from the flag of the Netherlands. The 
flag of the Dutch consisted of three horizontal stripes, symbolic 
of the rise of the republic from the triple union at Utrecht. An¬ 
other proposition attributes the origin of the stripes to the fact 
that the Continental army in 1775 was minus uniform of any 
kind, and the officers of different rank were distinguished by 
stripes of ribbon. From these may have come the idea of using 
the same device for representing the united colonies. Possibly 
the flag was suggested by the striped banner which a body 01 
Philadelphia light-horse bore when they joined the army at 
Cambridge. 

The coat of arms given to one of Washington’s ancestors 
by Henry VIII. of England showed a white shield with red 
stripes, and this is by some thought to be the origin of the flag. 
Another plausible theory has also been advanced. The country 
was stricken with poverty when Washington and his army were 
encamped at Cambridge. The ports of the colonies were block¬ 
aded by the British, and the revolutionists had little more than 
the bare necessities of life. When Washington needed a distinct¬ 
ive flag for his army, cloth was not to be had in abundance. 
What could be more natural than for him to take the old 
British flag, carried at first by the troops in America, and stitch 
white stripes of cloth across the red field ? St. George’s and 
St. Andrew’s crosses would be left in the union ; but a new and 
distinctive flag would be made. Whether the flag really did 
originate in this way is not known, but the theory is a probable 
one, and the fact is known that just such a flag floated over the 


16 A Congressional Resolution 

American camp at Cambridge. This is clearly stated on page 
227 of Fiske’s History of the United States. 

Nearly a year after the Declaration of Independence, the 
first national legislation on the subject was put forth on June 
14, 1777. The resolution is here given as adopted : 

“Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen united states be thirteen stripes 
alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, 
representing a new constellation.” 

Merely the resolution is left for us to read ; the record of 
the interesting debate that must have preceded this measure, 
and all account of the reasons for its adoption are missing. The 
escutcheon of Washington contained both stars and stripes, and 
it is believed that the idea embodied in the resolution originated 
in admiration for the character of the great commander-in-chief. 

There is no good evidence that any flag bearing the union 
of the stars and stripes had been in public use before the passage 
of this resolution. Fiske, in his history of the United States, 
refers to a flag hoisted at Fort Stanwix, August 6, 1777, after a 
successful sortie and sacking of part of St. Ueger’s camp. Five 
British flags captured were hoisted upside down, and above 
them was raised a rude flag made of scraps of a blue jacket and 
and a white shirt with some bits of red flannel. Congress had 
adopted the stars and stripes, and this was the first time the flag 
was ever hoisted. 

Notwithstanding the resolution ordering a national flag was 
not published by the secretary of congress until September 3, 
1777, the newspapers had published it a month earlier, and it 
is an established fact that the stars and stripes waved over the 
patriots at Brandywine, September 11, 1777. Henceforth, 
throughout the revolution, the flag was carried in every battle. 
It was raised over the ships of the navy soon after its adoption 
by the army. The ship Ranger , Captain Paul Jones command- 



Red, White, and Blue 

Kindergarten Song for Fourth-of-July 

Soldier lad, soldier lad, 

Will you tell us true, 

Where are you going, 

With your Red, White, and Blue ? 

Children small, children all, 

I will answer you: 

I go to serve my country, 

With the Red, White, and Blue. 

Soldier lad, soldier lad, 

May we go with you ? 

We all love our country, 

And the Red, White, and Blue. 

Tall child, straight child, 

I think I will choose you ; 

For I know you’ll carry safely 
The Red, White, and Blue. 

—Mary E. Sly. 





i7 


Betsy Ross cuts the Stars for the Flag 


ing, arrived, floating the new banner, at a French port, about 
December i, 1777 ; and on February 14, 1778, the Ranger's 
colors received the first salute ever paid an American flag by the 
vessels of a foreign nation. 

Uncertainty about the flag is not confined to its first ap¬ 
pearance, but extends back to its making. The best evidence 
seems to show that much of the credit of designing the flag, and 
all the credit of making it belongs to Mrs. Betsy Ross, who was 
an upholsterer residing in Arch street, Philadelphia. It is 



Fig. 6. 


Fig. 7. 


claimed that General Washington and Robert Morris called 
upon Mrs. Ross in June 1776, and engaged her to make the flag 
from a crude drawing. She suggested changes in the form of 
the stars, and, deftly folding a piece of paper, showed the gen¬ 
tlemen how a perfect five-pointed star could be made. Gen. 
Washington seated himself in her back parlor, and re-drew in 
pencil the outline of the flag, and she soon finished one from 
the sketch. The flag thus designed was adopted by congress, 
and certain dimensions prescribed : “The entire length to be 
six feet six inches, and the width to be four feet four inches; 
four red stripes and three white to bind the blue field inclosing 
the stars ; the stripes to extend to the end of the flag.” These 
proportions are still retained, the width being in general two- 
thirds of the length. The colors in our national banner repre- 





18 When Old Glory had Fifteen Stripes 

sent to us all that is noblest in our country’s institutions and 
history. White usually denotes surrender, but with the stripes 
it represents purity. Red bids defiance, but is the symbol of 
valor when placed in “ Old Glory.” Blue denotes eternal vigi¬ 
lance, and perseverance in right with justice to all. Its colors 
represent the spirit which could lead Lincoln to say prophetic¬ 
ally, “Fellow citizens, if I thought any sacrifice of mine could 
preserve undimmed every star in that flag, I would be willing 
to die on this spot.” 

When Vermont was admitted to the sisterhood of the 
states in 1791, followed by Kentucky in 1792, it became neces¬ 
sary in the opinion of statesmen to change the number of stripes 
and stars. Accordingly it was resolved, January 13, 1794, on 
motion of Senator Bradley of Vermont: 

“That on and after the first day of May 1795, the flag of the United States 
be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white ; that the union be fifteen stars,' white 
in a blue field.” This was the flag used during the war of 1812. (Fig. C) 

During the war of 1812-15, while the British fleet lay in 
Chesapeake Bay, Francis Scott Key being anxious to release a 
civilian friend who had been captured by the enemy, went out 
from Baltimore in a small boat under a flag of truce. Lord Cock- 
burn, however, being ready to commence his attack upon Fort 
McHenry, retained both men, and Mr. Key’s little boat was 
moored to the commander’s vessel during the entire bombard¬ 
ment which was begun on the morning of the 13th of Septem¬ 
ber, 1814, and continued for twenty-four hours, On the morn¬ 
ing of the 14th the prisoners watched “by the dawn’s early 
light” to see if the star-spangled banner were still waving over 
the fort. Filled with rapture at the sight of the dear old flag 
still so “gallantly streaming” over thq ramparts, the poet 
snatched an old letter from his pocket, and laying it upon a 
barrel-head, wrote the glorious old song now known as the “ Star - 





St. George’s Cross 



Culpepper Flag 



F^. Motjltrie Flag (Blue) 


Palmetto Flag 











































u The Star-Spangled Banner 


19 


y y 


Spangled Banner ,” but then called “The Defense of Fort Mc¬ 
Henry.” At an assembly in Baltimore the words were sung to 
an old tune, then called “Adams and Liberty,” and the air and 
words were so well suited to each other that both have become 
immortal. 

The Star-Spangled Banner 

Oh, say, can you see by the dawn’s early light, 

What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming ? 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, 

O’er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming; 

And the rocket’s red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. 

Oh, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave 

O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 

On that shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 

Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes, 

What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep, 

As it fitfully blows, now conceals, now discloses ? 

Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam, 

In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream. 

’Tis the star-spangled banner ! Oh, long may it wave 
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 

And where are the foes who so vauntingly swore 

That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion 

A home and a country should leave us no more ? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps’ pollution. 

No refuge could save the hireling and slave 

From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave. 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave 

O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 

Oh, thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand 

Between their loved homes and the war’s desolation ; 

Blest with victory and peace, may the heaven-rescued land 

Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. 

Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 

And this be our motto, “ In God is our trust.” 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave 

O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 


20 


Sixteen Stripes in the Revenue Flag 

The particular flag so proudly floating in air was one that 
Gen. George Armistead, the brave defender of the fort, had put 
in place of an old one sadly torn. The new flag was made with 
fifteen stripes. By permission of the government the hero was 
allowed to retain the flag, and after his death it became the 
property of his daughter. It was exhibited in 1880 at the cel¬ 
ebration in Baltimore, and is now in the possession of the Massa¬ 
chusetts Historical Society. The author of the poem died in 
Washington, D. C., January n, 1843. 

The admission of other new states made further changes 
seem advisable. Tennessee was admitted in 1796, a fact that is 
shown in the sixteen stripes of the revenue flag adopted in 1799. 
Ohio was admitted to the union in 1802, and Louisiana in 1812. 
The admission of Indiana in 1816 caused Peter Wendover of 
New York to offer a resolution that a committee be appointed to 
inquire into the expediency of altering the flags of the United 
States. Indiana is thus to be thanked for the present form of 
the flag ; for the discussion that followed the appointment of 
this committee led to the establishment of the original thirteen 
stripes to symbolize the parent colonies, and a union field of stars 
each to symbolize a state. 

Captain Samuel C. Reid, who gained fame as the'defender 
of the privateer General Armstrong , was asked to suggest the 
changes which should be made in the national emblem ; some¬ 
thing that would represent the growth of states and, at the same 
time, not destroy the distinctive character of the flag. The con¬ 
gressional committee seemed disposed to increase both stars and 
stripes to twenty,—since Mississippi had been admitted in 1817,. 
—but Captain Reid recommended that the stripes be reduced 
again to thirteen to represent the original states, and that the 
stars be increased to twenty and arranged to form a large star to 
symbolize the union of the states. In accordance with the main 


Permanently Established 21 

suggestion of Captain Reid a new law was passed, and on April 
4, 1818, the flag of the United States of America was per¬ 
manently established. The act provided : 

“That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United 
States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white ; that the union 
have twenty stars, white in a blue field.” 

“That on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be 
added to the union of the flag, and that such addition shall take effect on the 
Fourth of July next succeeding such admission.” 

The return to the thirteen stripes of the flag of 1777 was 
due to several causes as shown in the debate in Congress. 
These were evidently, 

1. Reverence for the flag of the revolution. 

2. Increase in number of stripes would either make the 
width out of proportion to the length, or 

3. Make the stripes so narrow that they could not. be 
distinctly seen at a distance. 

A newspaper of the time said, “By this regulation the 
thirteen stripes will represent the number of states whose valor 
and resources originally effected American independence, and 
additional stars will mark the increase of the states since the 
present Constitution.” (Fig. D) 

The-national flag during the war with Mexico bore twenty- 
nine stars in its union ; but the flag of the Civil War had thirty- 
four stars. Two states were added during the conflict, West 
Virginia in 1863, and Nevada in 1864, but the regiments re¬ 
tained the old flags which they carried in the first battles. 

Until lately no provision has ever been made in regard to 
the arrangement of the stars, since the placing of them in the 
form of a large star passed out of practice. Some confusion ex¬ 
ists in regard to the arrangement of the stars, and on any great 
public occasion one may see a variety of American flags. The 


22 


How the Stars are Arranged 


flag of 1777 had the stars in a circle, and an early custom was 
to insert the stars in parallel rows across the field of blue. This 
custom has always been followed in the navy, since President 
Monroe’s order of 1818 directing such arrangement. In the 
army, the stars have always been arranged in parallel horizontal 
rows, although not in vertical rows. The arrangement of stars 
in the navy flags has in reality been less artistic than in the 
army flags, but hereafter there will be no difference between the 
flags used in the navy and in the army. The diagram shows 


******** 

******* 

******** 

******* 

******** 

* * * * * * * 

Fig. 8. 

the present arrangement in the quincuncial order,—like the five 
spots on a domino,—so that those in each horizontal row are 
opposite the center of the interval between the adjoining two 
in the right hand and left hand vertical rows. Thus parallel 
lines appear from every point of view. This was the arrange¬ 
ment of the lines of pits mentioned in Book VII. of Caesar’s 
Commentaries. (Fig. 8) In one of the early flags, the thirteen 
stars were set in quincuncial order,—three stars each in the first, 
third, and fifth rows, and two each in the second and fourth rows. 

The following official order has been been issued by the 
War Department directing how the stars in the field of the 
national flag shall be arranged after July 4, 1896. The order 
and the placing of the stars in the union will be as follows: 



Unfurl the Flag of Our Country 23 

War Department, Washington, March 17, 1896.—The field or union 
of the national flag in use in the army will on and after July 4, 1896, consist of 
forty-five stars, in six rows, the first, third, and fifth rows to have eight stars, 
and the second, fourth, and sixth rows seven stars each, in a blue field, arranged 
as shown. (Fig. 8) 

Daniee S. Damont, Secretary of War. 

By command of Maj. Gen. MieES : 

George D. RUGGEES, Adjutant General. 

„ For about ninety years our flags were made from bunting 
imported from England, and so we did not have a real American 
flag in the broadest sense until a large one, made at Lowell, 
Mass., was presented to the senate by General Butler. This 
was raised over the senate wing of the Capitol. Another of the 
first truly American flags was flung to the breezes of the conti¬ 
nental divide, 1868, when the last spike was driven into the rails 
of the Union Pacific Railroad. The government specification 
for the bunting used in the regulation flags is that it shall con¬ 
sist of thirty-four threads of filling to each square inch, with the 
thread in the warp two-ply and the filling one ply, well twisted. 
All flags shall be turned up 4 at the bottom one thickness, and 
made with three rows of stitching. The corners of the flag 
shall be doubled. 

The flag now flies over every government building in our 
country. To the teacher belongs the sacred duty of encourag¬ 
ing the officers of every school, public or private, to unfurl the 
flag of our nation with the motto, “One country, one language, 
and one flag.” (Fig. E) 

The Washington Star says that visitors to the nation’s 
capital often wonder what becomes of the flags which fly ses¬ 
sion after session over the two houses of Congress. The life of a 
flag, exposed at such a height to the tattering winds, naturally 
cannot be long. Now and. then after a storm a great rent is 
seen in “ Old Glory,” as it proclaims from the housetop that our 


24 


Old Glory" of the Capitol 


statesmen are deliberating. Sometimes the edges only are 
frayed ; again a stripe is gone, or, perhaps half the stars may be 
torn away. Then, in a day or two, it flies again with all its 
stripes and stars, as if it had never suffered from the beating 
storm. 

I asked what became of the old flags. 

Nobody knew. 

“But what do you do with them ?” 

“Nothing.” 

“They are the same flags,—that is, there are no new ones,— 
the old flags are simply mended.” 

There is a patriotic poem in this simple fact. “Old Glory” has 
a perpetual life,—at least this one that presides over the Capitol. 
When a stripe is blown away, a new one is put in its place and 
the same old flag is pulled to the head. If it is the blue field 
and stars that are gone, they are reproduced ; if only a rent, it is 
darned ; if a hole, it is patched. Then another stripe goes and a 
new one is added. So, on and on, the old portions are torn 
away by the storm, the newer parts remaining until the new be¬ 
comes the old in turn and is torn away. In endless evolution 
the old flag lives on. It is always the same flag, but from year 
to year its entire texture is changed. No one can tell when the 
flag that floats over the senate chamber was bought. It is still 
a perfect flag, but no part of what was first drawn to the mast- . 
head is now in existence. 

The flags flying over the army camps and forts are now 
made of American bunting. The sizes, while prescribed by 
statute law, are fixed by regulations of the departments of war 
and the navy, based upon beauty, utility, convenience, and the 
needs of the service. There are three different sizes. The 
storm and recruiting flags measure eight feet long and four feet 
two inches wide ; the post flag is twenty feet long and ten feet 


wide. The union is one-third the length of the flag, and ex¬ 
tends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. 

The colors carried by infantry and artillery regiments are 
of silk, six feet six inches long, by six feet wide, and are mounted 
on staffs. The field is thirty-one inches long, and extends to 
the lower edge of the fourth red stripe. 

At the grand parade of the veterans in Washington in 1892, 
a most delightful feature was the flag arrangement of boys and 
girls at the foot of the broad avenue, where the men turned to¬ 
ward the White House. On a platform with the seats raised 
one above the other, something over a thousand school children 
formed a solid “flag” facing the Capitol, and greeted the Grand 
Army of the Republic with a chorus of song, as the veterans 
passed the treasury building. Over five hundred boys formed 
the left hand of the upper corner—the field of the flag. The 
white dresses of the girls made a pleasing contrast with the 
dark blue suits of the boys. As the song poured forth, the girls 
in alternate rows arrayed themselves in caps and capes of red 
material. Each alternate row was in white caps and capes. 
The boys in their blue suits, were holding up enough gilt stars 
to make the whole appear an animated flag. When the “Star- 
Spangled Banner” rolled forth, as sung by 1500 voices, the ef¬ 
fect was electric. The “Flag of the Free” was illustrated by 
waving small flags at intervals, thus increasing the applause 
which the design certainly merited. 

One of the best signs of the times is the recent awakening 
of the public mind to the importance of training pupils to rev¬ 
erence the flag of their country. The patriotic orders have done 
well in raising the stars and stripes to the top of the school- 
house. It has been well said that to teach patriotism without a 
flag is like teaching quantity without symbols, geography with¬ 
out maps, or science without apparatus. The sign must not be 


26 


A Bill to Protect Our Flag 


confounded with the thing signified, and there must be some¬ 
thing beside the mere unfurling of the flag. The flag must 
symbolize a love of country in the heart of the pupil, leading 
him to show in the simple adls of life the bravery that his fore¬ 
fathers displayed upon the battlefield. And when it becomes 
his duty to vote, the broad stripes and undimmed stars of his 
country’s flag will urge him to rise superior to the selfish in¬ 
terests of a sedlion, or a class, or a party and see the greater in¬ 
terests of his country as a whole. 

Congress has enadled a bill to protect our flag from dis¬ 
figurement or prostitution to base uses. In the records of the 
< house are these words : 

“The flag of our country is the symbol of our national existence, power, 
and sovereignty. It is the emblem of freedom and equality, and representative 
of the glory of the American name. It is a reminder of American fortitude, 
courage, and heroism, and of the suffering and sacrifice on land and sea which 
have been endured for its preservation, and for the preservation of the country 
it represents. It is the shield and protection of the citizen at home and abroad, 
and should be honored and revered by every American who is a lover of his 
country. It should be held a thing sacred, and to deface, disfigure, or pros¬ 
titute it to the purposes of advertising, should be held to be a crime against the 
nation, and be punished as such.” f 

Several states have enabled laws calling for the display of 
the flag from public buildings on national holidays and public 
occasions; also from schoolhouses during the daily sessions. The 
text of the Massachusetts law is as follows : 

‘ ‘It shall be the duty of the school committees in the several cities and 
towns to provide for each schoolhouse in which public schools are maintained 
within their respective cities and towns not otherwise supplied, a United States 
flag of silk or bunting, not less than four feet in length, and a suitable flag¬ 
staff or other apparatus whereby such flag may be displayed on the schoolhouse 
grounds or schoolhouse buildings every school day, when the weather will 
permit, and on the inside of the schoolhouse on other school days.” 

“The first gun of the Confederacy” is popularly supposed 
to have been the first shot fired at Sumter in April, 1861. 


Rattlesnake Flag 


Grand Union Flag (Fig. A) 



Old Glory, June 14,1777 (Fig. B) 

January 13, 1794 (Fig. C) 



April 4, 1818 (Fig. D) 


1896 (Fig. E) 















































































































































The First Gun 


27 


But the flag had been insulted several times before by the rebels. 
When the Star of the West steamed up the harbor of Charleston 
on January 9, 1861, with re-enforcements, ammunition, and ra¬ 
tions for the garrison at Sumter, and was within a mile of the 
fort, she was fired upon froni the harbor, although a full-size gar¬ 
rison flag was flown from the mast-head. They kept on under 
the fire of the battery ; but, finding it impossible to take his 
command to Fort Sumter, the captain of the vessel was reluc¬ 
tantly compelled to return. This was the first insult offered to 
the flag during*the Civil War. 

The flag was again fired upon on the 3d of April. The 
schooner Shannon, of Boston, bound to Savannah, drifted in a 
fog across Charleston bar, and was fired upon by the batteries 
on Morris island. The captain of the vessel immediately raised 
the Stars and Stripes. The appearance of the national flag was 
greeted by several thirty-two-pound shots. The captain not un¬ 
derstanding this hostile reception, put out to sea. 

After the bombardment of Sumter, the next flag incident 
occurred at Baltimore on April 19, the anniversary of the bat¬ 
tles of Lexington and Concord, when the Sixth Massachusetts 
regiment was attacked by a mob in the streets of the city. The 
regimental flag came out of the conflict unharmed. 

The death of Ellsworth followed next. The Ellsworth 
Zouaves, who enlisted from the fire service in New York City, 
occupied Alexandria, Va., on the morning of May 24, 1862. 
Colonel Ellsworth saw a rebel flag floating from the top of one 
of the hotels. Leaving a companion at the foot of the stairs, 
he climbed to the 'roof to tear down the Confederate colors. As 
the young colonel came down the stairs, he was shot by the 
proprietor of the hotel. President Lincoln was deeply grieved 
bv the death of the brave young officer, and the body lay in 
state for several hours at the White House. 


28 


Old Battle-Flags 


The most eloquent stories of the active part taken by the 
brave men who went forth in 1861 to defend the Union, are told 
by the old battle flags which they carried. These precious 
standards went out against the armed hosts of the confederacy 
proudly, defiantly, with flaring folds and glittering stars the 
type of a nation’s integrity ; they came back baptized in blood 
and fire, torn by bullets and shells, cannon-scorched and weather¬ 
beaten, yet crowned with immortal honors gained on many a 
hard-fought field. Nothing is left of some of these old battle- 
flags but the staff and a few shreds of faded silk'; but these frag¬ 
ments will ever be treasured as a priceless legacy, showing the 
loyalty and devotion of the noble soldiers who bore them dur- 
the years of the mighty conflict. 

In our own state, in the year following the close of the 
war,•the color guard of each regiment carried the flags of their 
respective commands to Philadelphia, and on July 4, 1866, for¬ 
mally turned them over to Andrew G. Curtin, the venerable 
war governor. Prior to this ceremony, for which an appropria¬ 
tion of $5000 was made by the legislature, a procession was 
formed which marched through the principal steets of the city. 
At the close of the march the veterans passed in review before 
the governor and his staff in Independence square. The flags 
were greeted with enthusiastic demonstrations all along the line 
of march, but the climax was reached when the veterans as¬ 
sembled under the shadows of old Independence Hall and 
handed over to the governor the flags they had carried to vic¬ 
tory. No more pathetic scene ever took place than when the 
color-bearers gave up those emblems of loyalty that showed by 
their condition more plainly than words can tell the patriotic 
services of the soldiers of Pennsylvania in the fierce conflict for 
the integrity of the Union. These flags are now kept in large 
glass cases in the flag room of the Capitol at Harrisburg. 


A Flag Salute 


29 


PATRIOTISM IN THE SCHOOL 


THE SAEUTATION OF THE FEAG 

The salutation of the national flag in the schools of our 
country originated in the schools of the Children’s Aid Society 
of the City of New York, through the efforts of Col. George T. 
Balch, who had in view the education of the children in some 
of the simpler duties of American citizenship. He devised a 
plan to awaken and stimulate a spirit of patriotism among the 
pupils.. Prominent among the elementary steps of the process 
of developing a distinctively American idea, he placed the ex¬ 
ercise of the salutation of the national flag. Another im¬ 
portant practice which he introduced was the holding of “Patri¬ 
otic Elections,” in which the question of continuing the saluta¬ 
tion of the flag was submitted to the decision of the pupils 
through an exercise of the privilege of the ballot. Over four 
thousand of the pupils voted in fsCvor of the measure, while only 
forty-four voted against it. Thus the child was enabled to pre¬ 
pare for the use of his powers as an American citizen. The 
words of the salute as now used are : 

We give Our Heads! 

and our Hearts! 

to Our Country! 

One Country! One language ! One Flag! 

Teachers who have visited the Children’s Aid Society 
schools in New York City and have seen the daily exercise of 



3 ° One Country, One Language , One Flag! 

“Saluting the Flag” will agree with us when we state that only 
those who have been thrilled by such a sight and have caught 
something of the spirit can realize its full meaning. The or¬ 
der of the exercises is here given : 

“ You may now salute the flag.” 

1. At these words, a boy steps forward and takes the 
American flag, and stands facing the school. 

2. The whole school now rises at a given signal, each 
pupil standing erect and firm. 

3. The right arm is extended, pointing toward the flag. 

4. The fore arm is bent so as to touch the forehead lightly 
with the tips of the fingers of the right hand. This motion 
should be quick and graceful. As the fingers touch the fore¬ 
head these words are uttered in a clear voice “We give our 
heads”— 

5. The right hand is carried quickly to the left and placed 
over the heart, with the words “and our hearts”—said after the 
movement. 

6. The hand falls quickly to the side, and the words come, 
“ to our country.” 

7. Standing erect, the children exclaim “One Country ! 
One Language !” 

8. Suddenly the right hand is extended at full length to¬ 
ward the flag—the pupil in graceful pose reaches toward the flag, 
exclaiming with force, one flag ! 

The children in all of our schools need this daily reminder 
of the meaning of the words American Citizen. This salute has 
a meaning beyond any attaching to the ordinary drills of the 
schoolroom. “ If the children be made to understand,” says 
Col. Balch, “that by this act they offer to their country their 
love, their gratitude, and their devotion, then indeed will the 
end in view be accomplished.” 


A Beautiful Salute 


3i 


Another beautiful form of the flag salute is here shown. 
The flag being displayed at the teacher’s desk, a quick note is 
struck on the piano or bell; every pupil rises and turns his face 
toward the flag, hands at the side. Another note is sounded, 
and each pupil gives the flag the military salute,—right hand 
uplifted, palm outward and in a line with the forehead and 
close to it. Standing thus, all the pupils repeat the words : 

“ I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for 
which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with liberty and 
Justice for all.” 

At the words “ to my flag,” the right hand is extended 
gracefully, palm upward, toward the flag, and remains in this 
position until the end of the affirmation ; whereupon all hands 
drop immediately to the side. Then still standing, as the in¬ 
strument strikes a chord, the swell of some grand old patriotic 
song bursts forth. The teacher should never forget that the 
flag means patriotism. Love for America, interest in her 
history, a sense of duty to our institutions, a realization of the 
obligations of citizenship should ever be inculcated with the 
display of the flag. 

The raising of the colors on the flag-staff outside the school¬ 
room may or may not be accompanied with ceremony. When 
upon some national holiday or other state occasion it is desir¬ 
able to give some little formality to the raising of the flag, it will 
be well for the principal of the school to appoint a standard- 
bearer and four or six color-guards to aid in the proper perform¬ 
ance of the a< 5 t of respedl. A few minutes before the time ap¬ 
pointed for the flag-raising, the general assembly call may be 
sounded, and the standard-bearer and his guard should march in 
a body by twos, in an orderly manner, to the foot of the flag¬ 
staff. Having reached the spot, the flag should be properly un- 


3* 


Outside the Schoolroom 


rolled and attached to the halyards, with the assistance of the 
color-guard. All being in readiness, the flag is then hoisted to 
the mast-head by the standard-bearer, and the halyards properly 
secured to the cleats. 

The teacher or standard-bearer now gives the order, “Salute 
the Flag,” whereupon the pupils, assembled on the lawn or side¬ 
walk, face toward the flag and salute it. This the boys do by 
uncovering the head, and the girls by a respedlful and grace¬ 
ful bending of the head and upper part of the body. In a simi¬ 
lar manner the flag may be saluted when it is lowered. 

Care should be taken to see that the flag is properly folded 
and rolled up when put in its place of deposit. If it be wet, it 
should be spread out to dry in a suitable place. The boy who 
is adling as standard-bearer should be made to understand that 
the duties of his office should be properly performed. 

In some schools the standard-bearer and color-guard are ap¬ 
pointed weekly. On all national holidays it is the duty of the 
color-guard to see that the flag is raised in the morning, and 
lowered in the evening at sundown. On Decoration Day the 
flag should be raised at half-mast. 

In the case of the death of a pupil or teacher, the flag of 
the school should be unfurled at half-mast as a mark of respedl 
to the person. The same honor generally should be accorded 
on the death of a general officer of the schools, including mem¬ 
bers of the Board ; the flags remaining at half-mast until after 
the funeral. 

Whenever the flag is displayed or used in decoration it 
should never be placed “ union down,” as this is regarded as a 
position of dishonor. A convenient size for use outside the 
schoolroom is that of the storm flag, four feet two inches wide 
and eight feet long. The regulation post flag, ten feet wide 
and twenty feet long, is a beautiful banner for large buildings. 


“Morituri Salutamus ” 


33 


PATRIOTIC SONGS 

“Once between the attacks,” says a Matabele account of 
the death of a party of English soldiers, cut off and killed to a 
man, in the recent war in South Africa, “when the Matabele 
had fallen back, the men all stood up and took off their hats 
and sang.” 

Alone they stood a score of brave, determined men. They 
had but fifty rounds of ammunition, and were outnumbered by 
thousands. Shut in by savages on every side, escape was im¬ 
possible, death was near. Hats off, the bronzed, bearded men 
of English blood,—that blood which flows in the veins of all 
men of the great Anglo Saxon race,—stood up and sang! 

With what song did these men about to die salute the 
future? Was it “God Save the Queen,” or was it some last 
hymn of worship or doxology such as comes to men when death 
is close and the end not far ? Greater, indeed, it was than the 
Morituri Salutamus of the Roman gladiators standing face to 
face with death in the arena. Whatever the song, the heart 
swells as we hear of this little band, dropping and falling one 
by one, rising and “ hats off” joining in one last outburst of 
loyalty, faith, and love. It was of some such supreme moment 
of heroism and devotion that Tennyson wrote in words that 
dignify the writer’s work, 

“And here the singer for his art 
Not all in vain may plead, 

The song that nerves a nation’s heart 
Is in itself a deed.” 

It is, we believe, the mission of the musical work in the 
public schools to make the youth of our land familiar with the 
great songs that glorify American citizenship. Every child in 


34 


Origin of Yankee Doodle 


the country should be moved to enthusiasm whenever our patri¬ 
otic airs are played or sung. It is not too much to insist that 
the pupils in our schools should commit to memory the most 
popular of these songs. The songs learned in childhood are 
not easily forgotten, but remain a possession for all time. 


Yankee Doodle 

It is possible that the sweetest of all music to an American 
is that to which is sung the thrilling doggerel of Yankee 
Doodle. The tune first appeared in this country during the 
French and Indian war in 1755. General Braddock was as¬ 
sembling the northern colonists near Albany in order to make 
an attack on forts Niagara and Frontenac. In marched 

The old Continentals, 

In their ragged regimentals, 

or more likely in none at all; the fashion of their clothing old, 
and with matchlocks as quaint. Our noble' ancestors for gener¬ 
ations had been turning their swords into pruning-hooks and 
had forgotten war. Into the camp, a motley group, the ragged 
Continentals came, headed by a martial band that played quaint 
music strange to the ears of the British regulars. Then it was 
that Dr. Richard Shackburg, meaning to play a practical joke 
upon the uncouth recruits, set down the notes of Yankee 
Doodle, wrote out along them some lively words sung by the 
old cavaliers, and gave the composition to the ragged musicians 
as the latest martial music from England. The uncouth band 



35 


Unmeaning, yet Undying 

quickly caught the simple air, and it soon rang through the 
camp, amid the derisive laughter of the red-coated soldiers of 
England. But Shackburg had borrowed the. tune as well as the 
words of the questionable little rhyme dating from the reign of 
Charles I. Aftei the uprising of Cromwell, the cavaliers sang 
in ridicule of the great leader, 

“Yankee Doodle came to town, 

Upon a Kentish pony ; 

He stuck a feather in his cap, 

And called it macaroni.” 

It was claimed that Cromwell rode into Oxford on a small 
horse, and had the plume of his hat fastened in a small knot, 
which was derisively called a macaroni. But for the name, 
“Yankee Doodle,” we must go still further back. The harvest¬ 
ers in the Low Countries received for wages “as much butter¬ 
milk as they could drink, and a tenth of the grain,” and so 
they sang the harvest song to the same lively air, 

“Yanker dudel doodle down 
Didle dudel lanther, 

Yanker viver voover vown 
Butermilk und tanther.” 

Some authors have traced the tune as identical with the 
music of the sword-dance, the heroic Danza Esparta of brave old 
Biscay. 

Shackburg’s borrowed air, although used in ridicule, soon 
became very popular with the colonists, and about 1775 the 
nebulous parts seem to have crystallized. Words,—not very 
brilliant doggerel either,—and music were united. To the in¬ 
spiriting quickstep of Shackburg was added the catchy chorus 
of “Yanker dudel doodle,” and the deed was done. We had a 


36 


A Serious Side 


national song unmeaning, yet undying ; hopelessly frivolous, 
yet wondrously enlivening. Yankee Doodle is one of the things 
which we are so much ashamed of that we never parade it before 
company; yet we each have a sneaking fondness for it when we 
are alone. It is in no sense aristocratic, but belongs to the un¬ 
regenerate and unpolished boyhood of the nation, as it fits the 
mouth of almost any boy from four to fourscore. None of us 
would care to be heard singing 

“Father and I went down to camp 
Along with Captain Gooding, 

And there we see the men and boys 
As thick as hasty pudding.” 

Nor would any of the other fourteen stanzas of wretched dog¬ 
gerel suit us any better. But we find in the catchy air all the 
points of a good whistling tune, and when we are tired with our 
adopted art and our finished literature, our classic music and our 
acquired polish, we put away our silk hat in its box, take down 
the old felt hat from its peg, pick out a soft piece of pine and a 
sharp jack-knife, and then steal around the corner of the old 
barn and whistle Yankee Doodle. 

Yet the song has its serious side. It is said that the army 
of Cornwallis, led on by a Continental drum-corps, at the sur¬ 
render at Yorktown, marched into the American lines to the 
tune of Yankee Doodle. And throughout our various wars, the 
tune that was made to ridicule the champions of political free¬ 
dom has led the march to greater and still greater victories. As 
we shall see in the further study of our songs, an enspiriting 
air, coming out of the lowest conditions, may express the forces 
moving a nation to action. Patriotism finding its expression in 
song is instinctive. Among the least objectionable versions, to 


"Your Tea I'll Tax' 


37 


be sung to the inspiring air, we may place the following lines 
relating to the origin of the tune : 

Once on a time old Johnny Bull 
Flew in a raging fury, 

And said that Jonathan should have 
No trials, sir, by jury ; 

That no elections should be held, 

Across the briny waters ; 

“And now,” said he, “I’ll tax the tea 
Of all his sons and daughters.” 

Then down he sat in burly state, 

And bluster’d like a grandee, 

And in derision made a tune 
Call’d trials, sir, by jury : 

That no elections—these are facts— 

“Yankee doodle dandy : 

My son of wax, your tea I’ll tax— 

Yankee doodle dandy.” 

John sent the tea from o’er the sea 
With heavy duties rated ; 

But whether Hyson or Bohea, 

I never heard it stated. 

Then Jonathan to pout began— 

He laid a strong embargo— 

“I’ll drink no tea, by Jove !” .so he 
Threw overboard the cargo. 

Then Johnny sent a regiment, 

Big words and looks to bandy, 

Whose martial band, when near the land, 

Play’d “Yankee doodle dandy.” 

“Yankee doodle—keep it up ; 

Yankee doodle dandy ; 

I’ll poison with a tax your cup, 

Yankee doodle dandy. ’ ’ 


38 


In Chorus Full and Hearty 


A long war then they had ; in which 
John was at last defeated— 

And “Yankee Doodle” was the march 
To which his troops retreated. 

Cute Jonathan to see them fly, 

Could not restrain his laughter : 

“That tune,” said he, “suits to a T, 

I’ll sing it ever after.” 

•With “Hail Columbia” it is sung, 

In chorus full and hearty— 

On land and main we breathe the strain, 
John made for his tea-party. 

“Yankee doodle-ho-ha-he ! 

Yankee doodle dandy— 

We kept the tune, but hot the tea, 
Yankee doodle dandy !” 

No matter how we rhyme the words, 

The music speaks them handy, 

And where’s the fair can’t sing the air, 
Of “Yankee doodle dandy !” 

‘ ‘Yankee doodle—firm and true— 
Yankee doodle dandy, 

Yankee doodle doodle do ! 

Yankee doodle dandy.” 


America 

To pass from the stirring quickstep of Yankee Doodle to 
the grand melody of the national hymn “America” may seem a 
large step, but such a transition is not foreign to the nature of 
the race from which we spring. The jubilant feet of the sold¬ 
iers in the garrison at Calcutta gave rise to the great “Hallelujah 



39 


The Author of “America ” 

Chorus,” which as “John Brown’s Body” or “The Battle Hymn 
of the Republic” became the marching song of our nation. 
The spirit which makes the best of any conditions that may be 
imposed is the secret of the immense power of the race. “God 
Save the King” gave the basis for our national hymn, “Amer¬ 
ica.” 

Dr. Samuel Francis Smith, who wrote the words of “Amer¬ 
ica,” was born in Boston, October 21, 1808, and died Novem¬ 
ber 16, 1895. It is to him that Oliver Wendell Holmes refers 
in his poem entitled “The Boys”: 

“And there’s a nice fellow of excellent pith,— 

Fate tried to conceal him by naming him Smith, 

But he shouted a song for the brave and the free,— 
Just read on his medal, ‘My Country, of Thee.’ ” 

The song was written during his student life at Andover 
in February, 1832. A collection of German song-books was sub¬ 
mitted to him by Mr. Rowell Mason, and one song captivated him 
by its melody and spirit. Notwithstanding the same tune had 
been adapted to the words of the English national hymn “God 
Save the King,” Dr. Smith wrote and adapted to its music his 
song, “My Country, ’tis of thee,” thus giving it the ring of Amer¬ 
ican republican patriotism. Dr. Smith did not deem it an evil 
that the national tune of Britain and America should be the 
same, but was disposed to regard it as a new and beautiful tie of 
union between the mother and the daughter. Many true patri¬ 
ots will agree with him in this sentiment. 

During his long life of eighty-seven years, Dr. Smith wrote 
more than sixty patriotic poems. Not only the children in our 
land, but all citizens as well should honor the memory of one 
who has infused the spirit of his national hymn into the temper 
of patriotic literature throughout the civilized world. 


40 


The National Hymn 


My country, ’tis of thee, 

Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sing; 

Land where my fatheis died, 
Land of the pilgrims’ pride, 
From every mountain side 
Let freedom ring. 

My native country ! thee, 

Land of the noble free, 

Thy name I love ; 

I love thy rocks and rills, 

Thy woods and templed hills, 
My heart with rapture thrills 
Like that above. 

Let music swell the breeze, 

And ring from all the trees 
Sweet freedom’s song; 

Let mortal tongues awake, 

Let all that breathe partake, 

Let rocks their silence break,— 
The sound prolong. 

Our fathers’ God ! to Thee, 
Author of liberty, 

To Thee we sing ; 

Long may our land be bright 
With freedom’s holy light,— 
Protect us by Thy might, 

Great God, our King! 



Flag of the Brave! 

The American Flag 


4i 


A poem that has in it all of the color and magnificence of 
the flag itself is the “Ode on the American Flag,” written by 
Joseph Rodman Drake in 1819. This young poet has been 
called the “American Keats.” An ardent patriot, he filled the 
much-admired poem with color and fire, yet with all the beauty 
of the glorious skies which his fancy pictured. 

Drake was born in New York in August, 1795, and died in 
that city in September, 1820. His intimate friend was Fitz- 
Greene Halleck, who is said to have written the last four lines 
of the poem. 

When Freedom from her mountain height 
Uufurled her standard to the air, 

She tore the azure robe of night, 

And set the stars of glory there ; 

She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
The milky baldric of the skies, 

And striped its pure, celestial white, 

With streakings of the morning light: 

Then from his mansion in the sun 
She called her eagle bearer down, 

And gave into his mighty hand 
The symbol of her chosen land. 

Majestic monarch of the cloud ! » 

Who rear’st aloft thy regal form, 

To hear the tempest-trumpings loud 
And see the lightning lances driven, 

When strive the warriors of the storm, 

And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven ; 

Child of the sun ! to thee ’tis given 
To guard the banner of the free, 

To hover in the sulphur smoke, 

To ward away the battle-stroke, 

And bid its blendings shine afar, 

Like rainbows on the cloud of war, 

The harbingers of victory. 


42 


By Angel Hands to Valor given ! 


Flag of the brave ! thy folds shall fly, 

The sign oi hope and triumph high, 

When speaks the signal trumpet tone, 

And the long line comes gleaming on ; 

Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet, 

Has dimmed the glistening bayonet, 

Each soldier’s eye shall brightly turn 
To where thy sky-born glories burn ; 

And as his springing steps advance, 

Catch war and vengeance from the glance : 
And when the cannon-mouthings loud 
Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud, 

And gory sabers rise and fall 

Like shoots of flame on midnight’s pall, 

Then shall thy meteor glances glow, 

And cowering foes shall fall beneath 
Each gallant arm that strikes below 
That lovely messenger of death. 

Flag of the seas ! on ocean’s wave 
Thy stars shall glitter o’er the brave ; 

When death, careering on the gale, 

Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, 

And frighted waves rush wildly back, 

Before the broadside’s reeling rack, 

Each dying wanderer of the sea 
Shall look at once to heaven and thee, 

And smile to see thy splendors fly 
In triumph o’er his closing eye. 

Flag of the free heart’s hope and home, 

^By angel hands to valor given ! 

Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 

And all thy hues were born in heaven. 
Forever float that standard sheet! 

Where breathes the foe but falls before us, 
With Freedom’s SDil beneath our feet, 

And Freedom’s banner streaming o’er us ? 


Joseph Rodman Drake . 


Whispered among Four Million Slaves 43 

John Brown’s Body 

The “Hallelujah Chorus” is the name given to the famous 
refrain which during the throes of a terrible civil war became 
the marching song of the nation. The spirit of the Puritan 
glows in the words as they blend with the stirring tread of the 
music. It is said that the original refrain is found in an old 
song forming the marching refrain of the Gurkhas of India; 
but certainly the strain has the swing of the march of victorious 
feet with almost Hebraic solemnity and sternness. 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

His soul is marching on ! 

Whose soul ? The spirit of that old man who thought him¬ 
self to be the “Sword of the Lord and of Gideon;” the soul of 
him who by his sudden attack upon Harper’s Ferry, thought 
that he could bring about the abolition of slavery. The world 
thought John Brown a lunatic, yet Victor Hugo said in refer¬ 
ence to the execution of the brave old idealist: 

“From a moral standpoint it looks as though a portion of 
the light of humanity is being eclipsed, and the distinction be¬ 
tween justice and injustice obscured.” Hugo also suggested the 
epitaph, 2 

“PRO CHRISTO , SI CUT CHRISTUSC 

Others have borne testimony to the purity of purpose of this 
man who believed that the fraternity inculcated by the Gospel 
ought to exist in something more than in name. Wendell 
Phillips, looking down into the grave of the martyr, said : “He 
has abolished slavery. Surely such a life is no failure. God 
said to him, ‘That work is done ; you have proved that a slave 


44 Walking with Radiant Face to the Scaffold 

state is only fear in the mask of despotism ; come up higher, and 
baptize by your martyrdom a million hearts into holier life.’ 
John Brown went a whole generation beyond his time in claim¬ 
ing the right for white men to help the slaves to freedom by 
force of arms. If any swords ever reflected the smile of Heavem 
surely it was those at Harper’s Ferry. If ever our God is the 
Ford of hosts, making one man chase a thousand, surely that 
little band might claim him for their captain. Harper’s Ferry 
was no single hour, standing alone,—taken out from a common 
life,—it was the flowering out of fifty years of single-hearted de¬ 
votion. He must have lived wholly for one great idea, when 
those who owe their being to him, and those whom love has join¬ 
ed to the circle, group so harmoniously around him, each accept¬ 
ing serenely his and her part. Standing here, let us thank God 
for a firmer faith and fuller hope.” 

James Russell Lowell, the poet, said : 

“Truth forever on the scaffold, 

Wrong forever on the throne, 

But that scaffold sways the future, 

And behind the dim unknown 
Standeth God within the shadow, 

Keeping watch above His own.” 

Marvelous old man ! We see him walking with radiant 
face to the scaffold. We see him stoop to kiss that negro child,— 
and the iron heart seems all tenderness. Victor Hugo had warn¬ 
ed the people that the execution of John Brown would prove an 
irreparable error that would shake the nation to its very founda¬ 
tion, and the prophecy as thus delivered did not wait long for 
its fulfillment. A few months later, a million men sang his 
apotheosis in the march, by the camp-fire, in the uproar of battle. 
Along the green banks of many a southern river it rose as a dirge 


45 


Like the Voice of Many Waters 

upon the evening air. It rose like the voice of many waters 
when the accompaniment was the diapason of the roar of hun¬ 
dreds of guns. As the volunteers from the North marched to 
the defense of the Union, this is the song they sang: 

John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave, 

John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave, 

John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave, 

His soul is marching on ! 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

His soul is marching on ! 

He’s gone to be a soldier in the army of the Eord, 

He’s gone to be a soldier in the army of the Eord, 

He’s gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord, 

His soul is marching on ! 

John Brown’s knapsack is strapped upon his back ! 

John Brown’s knapsack is strapped upon his back ! 

John Brown’s knapsack is strapped upon his back ! 

His soul is marching on ! 

Of this fatherless song R. H. Dana once wrote : “It would 
have been past belief had we been told that the almost undis- 
tinguishable name of John Brown should be whispered among 
four million slaves, and sung wherever the English language is 
spoken, and incorporated into an anthem to whose solemn ca¬ 
dence men would march to battle by tens of thousands.” 

It is an interesting fact to note that in 1865 this song was 
sung in mighty chorus by a brigade of colored troops as they 
marched through the streets of Charleston, South Carolina, from 


46 


How the Battle Hymn was written 

which very city the melody had been brought to the North by 
Thane Miller of Cincinnati in 1859. It is not known who wrote 
the first stanza, but Charles S. Hall of Charleston, Mass., wrote 
the others usually sung to the tune. Other words were written 
by Henry Howard Brownell; but nothing was done to bring the 
standard upward, in any great degree, until Julia Ward Howe 
placed a woman’s seal of purity upon the tune by adapting her 
grand Hebraic poem to the rythmic swing of the song. 


The Battle Hymn of the Republic 

This is the way the great “Battle Hymn of the Republic” 
came to be written : 

Tate in the autumn of 1861, Julia Ward Howe in com¬ 
pany with her husband and a party of friends, visited the na¬ 
tional capital. The journey was one of deep interest. Long 
before the visitors reached the city, they were aware of the pres¬ 
ence of the grim demon of war, that made itself felt in the blaz¬ 
ing light of hundreds of camp-fires. But in those early days 
of the great conflict, many looked upon the evolutions of the 
troops as upon a pageant, and the reviews of the troops were 
attended by the citizens in great numbers. At one of these re¬ 
views that was appointed to take place some distance from the 
city, Mrs. Howe and her friends were present, but a sudden sur¬ 
prise on the part of the enemy interrupted the proceedings, and 
the intended review was necessarily abandoned. Some of the 
troops who were to have taken part in the pageant were sent to 
aid their companions, who had been suddenly surrounded, and 



In the Gray of the Early Dawn 47 

others were ordered back to their quarters. The visitors drove 
homeward. Mrs. Howe says : 

“For a long distance the foot-soldiers nearly filled the road. 
They were before and behind, and we were obliged to drive very 
slowly. Presently we began to sing some of the well-known 
songs of the war, and among them ‘John Brown’s body lies a- 
mouldering in the grave.’ This seemed to please the soldiers, 
who cried, ‘Good for you,’ and themselves took up the strain. 
Mr. Clarke said to me: ‘You ought to write some new words 
to that tune.’ I replied that I had often wished to do so. In 
spite of the excitement of the day, I went to bed and slept 
soundly after the fatigue of our long, cold drive. Next morning, 
in the gray of the early dawn, I awoke, and lying in my bed, 
began in my mind to twine the long lines of a hymn which 
suited the measure of the John Brown melody. Each verse in 
succession seemed to write itself quite clearly in my brain, and 
I lay quite still until the last verse had completed itself in my 
thoughts; presently I said to myself: ‘I must arise at once and 
write this down, or I shall be sure to go to sleep again and for¬ 
get it.’” 

“I sprang from bed, and searched about in the dark for the 
stump of a pencil and a bit of paper which I remembered to 
have seen upon my table before retiring to rest. I began to 
scrawl the lines almost without looking, as I had learned to do 
by so often scratching down verses in the darkened room where 
my little children were sleeping. Having completed this, I lay 
down and fell asleep, but not without feeling that something of 
importance had happened to me. I said to myself, ‘I am glad 
of this poem.’ ” 

The poem was first published in the Atlantic Monthly, and 
the editor, Mr. James T. Fields, suggested the name by which 
the verses have since been known. The lines are : 


48 


The Battle Hymn of the Republic 

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord : 

He is trampling out the vintage, where the grapes of wrath are 

stored; 

He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword; 
His truth is marching on. 

Chorus —Glory ! glory Hallelujah ! 

I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps; 
They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; 
I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps: 
His day is marching on. 

I have read a fiery gospel writ in burnished rows of steel; 

As ye deal with my contemners so with you my grace shall deal; 
Let the Hero born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel: 
Since God is marching on. 

He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never call retreat; 
He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat; 

Oh, be swift my soul to answer Him, be jubilant my feet! 

Our God is marching on. 

In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born across the sea; 

With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me; 

As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free: 
While God is marching on. 

Julia IVard Howe . 


49 


A Martial Lyric. 

This grand anthem firs*- came prominently into public notice 
when Chaplain McCabe, newly released from Libby prison, gave 
a lecture in Washington, and in the course of it told how he and 
his fellow prisoners, having somehow become possessed of a copy 
of the “Battle Hymn,” sang it with a will in their prison on re¬ 
ceiving surreptitious tidings of a Union victory. As the author 
of the poem says, “we might see this glory oftener if we would 
look for it, and most of all where faithful souls are working to¬ 
gether for the good of humanity.” 


The Battle Cry of Freedom 

We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 

And we’ll fill the vacant ranks with a million freemen more 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ! 


Chorus : 

The Union forever, hurrah, boys, hurrah ! 

'Down with the traitor, up with the Stars ; 

While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ! 

We will welcome to our numbers the loyal, true, and brave, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 

And although they may be poor, not a man shall be a slave, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ! 

So we’re springing to the call from the East and from the West, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 

And we’ll hurl the rebel crew from the land we love the best, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ! 

George Frederick Root. 



50 


The Grand Rally in Union Square 


Among the chief literary results of the civil war are a few 
martial lyrics, composed during the heat of the great struggle. 
Dr. George Frederick Root composed the “Battle Cry of Free¬ 
dom,” and “Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching,” two 
of the great war songs. The first was written in 1861, and was 
sung at a grand patriotic rally held in Union Square, New York, 
just after the call for seventy-five thousand volunteers had been 
issued by President Lincoln. It was sung by a male quartet,, 
and took the loyal throng by storm. Those who were there say 
that the singing of the lines :— 

“We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before, 

Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 

And we’ll fill the vacant ranks with a million freemen more, 

Shouting the battle-cry of freedom !” 

caused a frenzied demonstration of patriotism that was allied to 
insanity, and utterly indescribable. Then came the rythmic 
swell of the chorus, , 

‘ ‘The Union forever, hurrah boys, hurrah ! 

Down with the traitor, up with the Stars ! 

While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, 

Shouting the battle-cry of freedom !” 

The melody was catching, and long before the third verse 

“So we’re springing to the call from the East and from the West, 
Shouting the battle-cry of freedom !” 

was sung, the words of the chorus were written in every heart 
there present, while the volume of rich melody went up from the 
throats of the multitude, as all joined in singing the grand ral¬ 
lying chorus. The song was from that moment enshrined in 
the heart of every man, woman, and child in the North. The 
marching columns carried it South, and it became one of the 
great marching songs of the northern armies, “John Brown” 
alone disputing its supremacy in the hearts of the veterans. 


We are coming , Father Abraham 

Three Hundred Thousand More 


5i 


At the outbreak of the rebellion, President Lincoln called 
for seventy-five thousand soldiers. Everybody asked, “Where 
will he get them?” but in response to the call, ninety-one thou¬ 
sand men offered themselves. Then came the call for five hun. 
dred thousand in July, 1861, and over seven hundred thousand 
entered the ranks to fight for the preservation of the Union. 
Disasters came upon the Army of the Potomac, but the loyal 
people of the North did not become disheartened. Filled with 
patriotic zeal, men who had not thought of enlisting before hast¬ 
ened to fill the ranks when President Lincoln, in July, 1862, 
issued his call for three hundred thousand soldiers. The drum¬ 
beat was heard in every town and village, and four hundred and 
twenty-one thousand men readily responded to the call. Born 
of the moment, this is the martial lyric they sang: 

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more, 

From Mississippi’s winding stream and from New England’s shore ; 

We leave our ploughs and workshops, our wives and children dear, 

With hearts too full for utterance, with but a silent tear ; 

We dare not look behind us, but steadfastly before— 

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more. 

If you look all up our valleys, where the growing harvests shine, 

You may see our sturdy farmer boys fast forming into line ; 

And children from their mothers’ knees are pulling at the weeds, 

And learning how to reap and sow against their country’s needs ; 

And a farewell group stands weeping at every cottage door— 

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more. 

You have called us, and we’re coming, by Richmond’s bloody tide, 

To lay us down for freedom’s sake, our brothers’ bones beside ; 

Or from foul treason’s savage grasp to wrench the murderer’s blade, 

And in the face of foreign foes its fragments to parade. 

Six hundred thousand loyal men and true have gone before— 

We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thousand more. 

John S. Gibbons . 


O Columbia ! the Gem of the Ocean 

The Red, White, and Blue 

O Columbia ! the gem of the ocean, 

The home of the brave and the free, 

The shrine of each patriot’s devotion, 

A world offers homage to thee. 

Thy mandates make heroes assemble, 

When Liberty’s form stands in view, 

Thy banners make tyranny tremble, 

When borne by the red, white, and blue. 

Chorus —When borne by the red, white, and blue, 

When borne by the red, white, and blue, 
Thy banners make tyranny tremble, 

When borne by the red, white, and blue. 

When war winged its wide desolation 
And threatened the land to deform, 

The ark then of freedom’s foundation, 
Columbia, rode safe through the storm ; 
With the garlands of victory around her, 
When so proudly she bore her brave crew, 
With her flag proudly floating before her, 
The boast of the red, white, and blue. 

The Union, the Union forever, 

Our glorious nation’s sweet hymn, 

May the wreaths it has won never wither, 
Nor the star of its glory grow dim ! 

May the service united ne’er sever, 

But they to their colors prove true ! 

The Army and Navy forever, 

Three cheers for the red, white, and blue. 

David T. Shaw. 


A Song from the Prison 53 

Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching 

In the prison-cell I sit, thinking, mother dear, of you, 

And our bright and happy home so far away, 

And the tears they fill my eyes, spite of all that I can do, 
Though I try to cheer my comrades and be gay. 

/ 

Chorus —Tramp, tramp, tramp, the boys are marching, 

Cheer up, comrades, they will come ; 

And beneath the starry flag, 

We shall breathe the air again 
Of the freelana in our own beloved home. 

In the battle front we stood when their fiercest charge was made, 
And they swept us off, a hundred men or more ; 

But before we reached their lines they were beaten back dismayed, 
And we heard the cry of victory o’er and ‘o’er. 

So within the prison-cell we are waiting for the day 
That shall come to open wide the iron door; 

And the hollow eye grows bright, and the poor heart almost gay, 
As we think of seeing home and friends once more. 

George Frederick Root. 

Not alone by those who struggled for victory upon the bat¬ 
tle-field has the spirit of patriotism been shown ; but by those, 
also, who day by day, through want of food and with dread dis¬ 
eases, wasted away in the prison-pens at Millen and Anderson- 
ville. Exposed to the burning heat of the sun, and to the chill 
nights of autumn, without shelter or protection—unless the 
wretched burrows excavated in the ground be called protection— 
thousands of brave men gave up their lives that their country 
might live. Theirs were the indescribable horrors of the prison, 
theirs a heroism loftier than that of the battle-field, a loyalty and 


54 


A Song from the Battlefield 


fortitude unsurpassed in the history of the world. Yet there was 
song in the midst of direst suffering. Even in Libby prison,— 
that old warehouse whose every brick, if voiceful, could tell a 
tale of sorrow,—Bishop Charles C. McCabe and his companions 
sang the glorious “Battle Hymn of the Republic.” From the 
tent and the battle-field came the songs of those who dreamed 
of the dear ones so far away. True, indeed, are the words of old 
Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun : “I know a very wise man that be¬ 
lieved if a man were permitted to make the ballads, he need not 
care who should make the laws of a nation.” 


Tenting on the Old Camp Ground 

We’re tenting to-night on the old camp-ground ; 

Give us a song to cheer 

Our weary hearts,—a song of home, 

And friends we love so dear. 

Chorus —Many are the hearts that are weary to-night, 
Wishing for the war to cease ; 

Many are the hearts looking for the right, 

To see the dawn of peace. 

Tenting to-night, tenting to-night, 

Tenting on the old camp-ground. 

We’ve been tenting to-night on the old camp-ground, 
Thinking of days gone by ; 

Of the loved at home that gave us the hand, 

And the tear that said “good-bye !” 



55 


Dying on the Old Camp Ground 

We are tired of war on the old camp-ground ; 

Many are dead and gone, 

Of the brave and true who’ve left their homes,— 

Others been wounded long. 

We’ve been fighting to-day on the old camp-ground, 

Many are lying near ; 

Some are dead, and some are dying, 

Many are in tears. 

Chorus —Many are the hearts that are weary to-night, 

Wishing for the war to cease ; 

Many are the hearts looking for the right, 

To see the dawn of peace. 

Dying to-night, dying to-night, 

Dying on the old camp-ground. 

Walter Kittredge. 

Many other songs and lyrics, expressing the emotions of the 
people of the various sections, were written during the period of 
the Civil War. Indeed, the fame of several poets rests entirely 
upon their war poems. Henry Howard Brownell wrote two 
stirring poems—“The Bay Fight” and “The River Fight” ; 
while “The Old Sergeant” was written by Forseyth Wilson. 
Then there are famous lyrics, such as Whittier’s “Barbara 
Frietchie,” Stedman’s “Cavalry Song,” Thomas Buchanan 
Read’s “Sheridan’s Ride,” and Francis M. Finch’s “The Blue 
and the Gray.” During all periods of excitement, genuine bits of 
passion have burst from the hearts of the people, and in all great 
struggles, like the Revolution and the Civil War, many have 
been produced. Even the suggestion of a war, as the threatened 
trouble with France in 1798, gave us the song “Hail Columbia,” 
which is sung all over this great land. 


56 


Sound\ Sound the Trump of Fame 

Hail Columbia 


Hail Columbia, happy land ! 

Hail, ye heroes, heaven-born band ! 

Who fought and bled in freedom's cause, 
Who fought and bled in freedom’s cause, 
And when the storm of war was gone, 
Enjoyed the peace your valor won ; 

Let Independence be your boast, 

Ever mindful what it cost, 

Ever grateful for the prize, 

Let its altar reach the skies. 

Chorus : 

Firm, united let us be, 

Rallying round our liberty, 

As a band of brothers joined, 

Peace and safety we shall find. 

Immortal patriots, rise once more ! 

Defend your rights, defend your shore! 

Let no rude foe, with impious hand, 

Let no rude foe, with impious hand, 

Invade the shrine where sacred lies, 

Of toil and blood the well-earned prize; 
While offering peace, sincere and just, 

In heaven we place a manly trust 
That truth and justice may prevail, 

And every scheme of bondage fail! 

Sound, sound the trump of fame ! 

Let Washington’s great name 
Ring through the world with loud applause ! 
Ring through the world with loud applause ! 
Let every clime to freedom dear 
Listen with a joyful ear ; 

With equal skill, with steady power, 

He governs in the fearful hour 
Of horrid war; or guides with ease 
The happier times of honest peace. 


# 


The President's March 


57 


4 


Behold the chief, who now commands, 

Once more to serve his country stands, 

The rock on which the storm will beat, 

The rock on which the storm will beat! 

But armed in virtue firm and true, 

His hopes are fixed on Heaven and you ; 

When hope was sinking in dismay, 

When gloom obscured Columbia’s day, 

His steady mind, from changes free, 

Resolved on death or liberty. 

Toseph Hopkinson. 

Joseph Hopkinson, whose father, Francis Hopkinson, signed 
the Declaration of Independence, wrote the patriotic song “Hail 
Columbia,” a poem of rather small literary merit, saved from 
oblivion by the stirring music to which it is joined. The tune 
was originally called “The President’s March,” and was com¬ 
posed by Professor Phyla of Philadelphia in 1789. It was first 
played at Trenton, when Washington was on his way to New 
York to be inaugurated. The words of the song were written 
by Judge Hopkinson nearly ten years later. The following is his 
own account, written in 1840, of the origin of the words: 

“The song was written in 1798, when a war with France 
was thought to be inevitable—Congress being then in session in 
Philadelphia, deliberating on that important subject, and acts of 
hostility having actually occurred. The contest between Eng¬ 
land and France was raging, and the people of the United States 
were divided into parties, some thinking that policy and duty re¬ 
quired us to take part with France; others were in favor of our 
uniting with England, under the belief that she was the great 
preservative power of good principles and safe government. The 
violation of our rights by both belligerents was forcing us from 
the just and wise policy of President Washington, which was to 
take part with neither, but to keep a strict and honest neutrality 


5 » 


Origin of Hail Columbia 

between them. The prospect of a rupture with France was ex¬ 
ceedingly offensive to that portion of the people which espoused 
her cause ; and the violehce of the spirit of party has never risen 
higher than it did at that time and on that question. 

“A company was then playing in our city, and a young man 
named Fox, belonging to it, whose talent was good as a singer, 
was about to take his benefit. I had known him when at school. 
On this acquaintance he called on me on Saturday afternoon, his 
benefit being announcd for the following Monday. He said he 
had no boxes taken, and his prospect was that he should suffer a 
loss instead of receiving a benefit; but that if he could get a 
patriotic song adapted to the tune of the ‘President’s March,’ 
then the popular air, he had no doubt of a full house: that the 
poets of the theatrical corps had been trying to accomplish it, 
but were satisfied that no words could be composed to suit the 
music of that march. I told him I would try it. He came the 
next afternoon, and the song, such as it is, was ready for him. 

“It was announced on Monday morning, and the entire 
house was crowded to excess, and so continued night after night, 
the song being encored and repeated many times each night, the 
audience joining in the chorus. It was also sung at night in 
the streets by large assemblies of citizens, including members of 
Congress. The enthusiasm was general, and the song was heard 
in every part of the United States. 

“The object of the author was to get up an American spirit 
which should be above the interests, passions, and policy of both 
belligerents, and look and feel exclusively for our honor and our 
rights. Not an allusion is made either to France or England, 
or which was most in fault in their treatment of us. Of course 
the song found favor with both parties throughout the entire 
country; it was truly American and nothing else, and the patri¬ 
otic feelings of every American responded to it. It has endured 


59 


An Experience and a Principle 

infinitely beyond any expectation of the author, and beyond any 
merit it can boast of, except that of being truly and exclusively 
patriotic in its sentiment and spirit.” 


PATRIOTIC ADDRESSES AND QUOTATIONS 

Patriotism is the noblest passion that animates man in his 
character as a citizen. Love of one’s country is natural, partak¬ 
ing somewhat of the nature of instinct, yet greater than any 
mere instinct and passion, since it becomes in times of trial an 
experience and a principle leading to most heroic deeds. Al¬ 
though patriotism is a natural impulse, it needs to be cultivated 
in order that it may become an intelligent motive to action. 
The public school is the proper place for direct instruction in this 
living principle, and childhood is the most fruitful time. We 
cannot hope to make radical changes in the lives and impulses of 
the multitudes that come to our land as a natural refuge from 
the tyranny of other countries ; but the children may be trained 
and brought upward to intelligent thought and action in regard 
to patriotic citzenship. 

Much of the education which shapes a child for his duties 
as a man and a citizen is that which he gains from the influences 
of his home and of the community to which he belongs. The 
schools must do much more than enforce mental discipline, cul¬ 
tivate intellectual tastes, and instruct in the means for obtaining 
a livelihood. Manly honesty, gentleness, generosity, virtue, and 
patriotism must be taught in every schoolroom in the land. 

Pupils should commit to memory selections from the ad¬ 
dresses made by great statesmen. The words of these men will 



6o 


The Lamp of Experience 


form a mental treasure becoming more precious to the pupils as 
they enter upon the years of active life. A few of the more im¬ 
portant of these patriotic speeches and addresses are here given, 
and many others may be selected from the readers in common 
use in our schools. 


Speech to the Delegates of Virginia 

Richmond, Va., March 23, 1775. 

Mr. President— It is natural for man to indulge in the il¬ 
lusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful 
truth, and listen to the song of that siren, till she transforms us 
into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great 
and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the 
number of those, who, having eyes, see not, and having ears, 
hear not the things which so nearly concern their temporal sal¬ 
vation ? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I 
am willing to know the whole truth ; to know the worst, and to 
provide for it. 

I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided ; and that 
is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the 
future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to 
know what there has been in the conduct of the British min¬ 
istry for the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which 
gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the house? 
Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been late¬ 
ly received ? Trust it not, sir ; it will prove a snare to your feet. 



Shall We try Argument f 61 

Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask your¬ 
selves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with 
those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken 
our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and 
reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be 
reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love ? 
Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of 
war and subjugation ; the last arguments to which kings resort. 

I ask, gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its 
purpose be not to force us into submission ? Can gentlemen as¬ 
sign any other possible motive for it ? Has Great Britain any 
enemy, in this quarter of the globe, to call for all this accumula¬ 
tion of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none.. They are 
meant for us : they can be meant for no other. They are sent over 
to bind and rivet upon us those chains, which the British minis¬ 
try have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose 
them ? Shall we try argument ? Sir, we have been trying that 
for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the 
subject ? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light 
of which it is capable ; but it has beeu all in vain. 

Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What 
terms shall we find, which have not already been exhausted? 
Let us not, I beseech you, decieve ourselves longer. Sir, we 
have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm 
which is now coming on. We have petitioned ; we have re¬ 
monstrated ; we have supplicated ; we have prostrated ourselves 
before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest 
the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our peti¬ 
tions have been slighted ; our remonstrances have produced ad¬ 
ditional violence and insult; our supplications have been dis¬ 
regarded ; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the 
foot of the throne ! 


62 


The War is Inevitable 


In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope 
of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for 
hope. If we wish to be free—if we mean to preserve inviolate 
those estimable privileges for which we have been so long con¬ 
tending—if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle 
in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have 
pledged ourselves never to abandon, until the glorious object of 
our contest shall be obtained—we must fight! I repeat it, sir, 
we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of Hosts is 
all that is left us ! 

They tell us, sir, that we are weak ; unable to cope with so 
formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger ? Will 
it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are 
totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in 
every house ? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and in¬ 
action ? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by 
lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phan¬ 
tom of hope, until our enemies have bound us hand and foot ? 
Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means 
which the God of nature hath placed in our power. 

Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, 
and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible 
by any force which our enemy can send against us/ Besides, 
sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God 
who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up 
friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the 
strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, 
sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, 
it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, 
but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged ! Their 
clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is in¬ 
evitable—and let it come ! I repeat it, sir, let it come. 


Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death ” 


63 


It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may 
cry, Peace, peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually 
begun ! The next gale, that sweeps from the north, will bring 
to our ears the clash of resounding arms ! Our brethren are al¬ 
ready in the field ! Why stand we here idle ? What is it that 
gentlemen wish ? What would they have ? Is life so dear, or 
peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and 
slavery ? Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know not what course 
others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death ! 

Patrick Henry . 


Washington’s Farewell Address 


September 17, 1796. 


Friends and Fellow Citizens —The period for a new 
election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of 
the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually 
arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating 
the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it ap¬ 
pears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more dis¬ 
tinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprize 
you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered 
among the number of those, out of whom a choice is to be made. 

I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be as¬ 
sured, that this resolution has not been taken without a strict 
regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation, 
which binds a dutiful citizen to his country ; and that, in with- 



6 4 


Gratitude for Public Confidence 


drawing the tender of service, which silence in my situation 
might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of zeal for your 
future interest; no deficiency of grateful respect for your past 
kindness ; but am supported by a full conviction that the step is 
compatible with both. 

In looking forward to the moment which is intended to ter¬ 
minate the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit 
me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude 
which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has 
conferred upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with 
which it has supported me ; and for the opportunities I have 
thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by ser¬ 
vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to 
my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these 
services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an 
instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in 
which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to 
mislead, amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of 
fortune often discouraging, in situations in which not unfre- 
quently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism, 
the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the 
efforts, and a guaranty of the plans by which they were effect¬ 
ed. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with 
me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that 
Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its benefi¬ 
cence ; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; 
that the free constitution, which is the work of your hands, may 
be sacredly maintained ; that its administration in every depart¬ 
ment may be stamped with wisdom and virtue ; that, in fine, the 
happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices of 
liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preservation and 
so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to them the glory 


65 


Warnings of a Parting Friend 

of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption 
of every nation which is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your 
welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehen¬ 
sion of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion 
like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to 
recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which 
are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observa¬ 
tion, and which appear to me all-important to the permanency 
of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with 
the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested 
warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal 
motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encourage¬ 
ment to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a for¬ 
mer and not dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of 
your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify 
or confirm the attachment. 

The unity of government, which constitutes you one peo¬ 
ple, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pil¬ 
lar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your 
tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; of your safety ; of your 
prosperity ; of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But 
as it is easy to foresee that from different causes and from dif¬ 
ferent quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices em¬ 
ployed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; 
as this is the point in your political fortress against which the 
batteries of internal and external enemies will be most con¬ 
stantly and actively, though often covertly and insidiously, di¬ 
rected, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate 
the immense value of your national union to your collective and 
individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habit- 


66 Union of the States a Fundamental Principle 

nal, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to 
think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety 
and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anx¬ 
iety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion, 
that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frown¬ 
ing upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any por¬ 
tion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties 
which now link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and in¬ 
terest. Citizens, by birth or choice, of a common country, that 
country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name 
of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, 
must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any 
appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight 
shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, 
and political principles. You have in a common cause fought 
and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you pos¬ 
sess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common 
dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combina¬ 
tions and associations, under whatever plausible character, with 
the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular 
deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are de¬ 
structive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. 
They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and ex¬ 
traordinary force ; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the 
nation, the will of the party, often a small but artful and enterpris¬ 
ing minority of the community; and, according to the alternate 
triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration 
the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of fac¬ 
tion, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans 
digested by common counsels and modified by mutual interests. ♦ 


Public Opinion should be Enlightened 67 

However combinations or associations of the above descrip¬ 
tions may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, 
in the course of time and things, to become the potent engines 
by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be en¬ 
abled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for them¬ 
selves the reins of the government; destroying afterwards the 
very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. 

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institu¬ 
tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as 
the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it 
is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. 

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate 
peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this 
conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin 
it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant 
period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous 
and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted 
justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of 
time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay 
any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady ad¬ 
herence to it ? Can it be that Providence has not connected 
the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The ex¬ 
periment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which 
ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its 
vices ? 

The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign na¬ 
tions, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with 
them as little political connexion as possible. So far as we have 
already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect 
good faith. Here let us stop. 

Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have 
none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged 


68 No Extension of Foreign Alliances 

in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially for¬ 
eign to our concerns. Therefore, it must be unwise in us to im¬ 
plicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of 
her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her 
friendships or enmities. 

Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to- 
pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an 
efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy 
material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take 
such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any 
time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when belliger¬ 
ent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon 
us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we 
may choose peace or war, as our interest guided by justice shall 
counsel. 

Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why 
quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by inter¬ 
weaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle 
our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, ri- 
valship, interest, humor, or caprice ? 

It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances 
with any portion of the foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are 
now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable 
of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the 
maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that 
honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let 
those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in 
my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend 
them. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old 
and affectionate friend, I dare not hope that they will make the 
strong and lasting impression I could wish ; that they will control 


Impostures of Pretended Patriotism 69 

the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from 
running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of 
nations. But, if I may even flatter myself that they may be pro¬ 
ductive of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they 
may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to 
warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against 
the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full 
recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they 
have been dictated. 

Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I 
am unconcious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensi¬ 
ble of my defects not to think it probable that I may have com¬ 
mitted many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech 
the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may 
tend, d shall always carry with me the hope that my country 
will never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after 
forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an up¬ 
right zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned 
to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actu¬ 
ated by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man 
who yiews in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors 
for several generations, I anticipate with pleasing expectation 
that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize without al¬ 
loy the sweet enjoyment of partaki ng, in the midst of my fel¬ 
low-citizens, the 1 enign influence of good laws under free gov¬ 
ernment,—the eve/ favorite object of my heart, and the happy 
reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. 

George Washington. 


70 


Hayne s Speech in the Senate 


South Carolina 


The Senate, January 21, 1S30. 


If there he one state in the Union, Mr. President, that may 
challenge comparison with any other, for a uniform, zealous, ar¬ 
dent, and uncalculating devotion to the Union, that state is 
South Carolina. Sir, from the very commencement of the 
Revolution, up to this hour, there is no sacrifice, however great, 
she has not cheerfully made, no service she has ever hesitated to 
perform. 

She has adhered to you in your prosperity; but in your ad¬ 
versity she has clung to you with more than filial affection. No 
matter what was the condition of her domestic affairs, though de¬ 
prived of her resources, divided, by parties, or surrounded by 
difficulties, the call of the country has been to her as the voice of 
God. Domestic discord ceased at the sound; every man became 
at once reconciled to his brethren, and the sons of Carolina were 
all seen crowding together to the temple, bringing their gifts to 
the altar of their common country. 

What, sir, was the conduct of the South during the Revo¬ 
lution ? Sir, I honor New England for her conduct in that glor¬ 
ious struggle. But great as is the praise which belongs to her, 
I think at least equal honor is due to the South. They espoused 
the quarrel of their brethren with a generous zeal which did 
not suffer them to stop to calculate their interest in the dispute. 
Favorites of the mother country, possessed of neither ships nor 
seamen to create a commercial rivalship, they might have found 
in their situation a guaranty that their trade would be forever 
fostered and protected by Great Britain. But, trampling upon 


Webster s Reply to Hayne 


7* 


all considerations either of interest or of safety, they rushed into 
the conflict; and, fighting for principle, periled all in the sacred 
cause of freedom. 

Never were there exhibited in the history of the world 
higher examples of noble daring, dreadful suffering, and heroic 
endurance, than by the Whigs of Carolina, during the Revolu- 
tion. The whole state, from the mountains to the sea, was over¬ 
run by an overwhelming force of the enemy. The fruits of in¬ 
dustry perished on the spot where they were produced, or were 
consumed by the foe. The “plains of Carolina” drank up the 
most precious blood of her citizens. Black and smoking ruins 
marked the places which had been the habitations of her chil¬ 
dren. Driven from their homes into the gloomy and almost 
impenetrable swamps, even there the spirit of liberty survived, 
and South Carolina, sustained by the example of her Sumters 
and her Marions, proved by her conduct, that, though her soil 
might be overrun, the spirit of her people was invincible. 

Robert Y Hayne. 


Massachusetts and South Carolina 

The Senate, January 26, 1830, 

The eulogiuin pronounced on the character of the state of 
South Carolina, by the honorable gentleman, for her Revolution¬ 
ary and other merits, meets my hearty concurrence. I shall not 
acknowledge that the honorable member goes before me in re¬ 
gard for whatever of distinguished talent or distinguished char¬ 
acter South Carolina has produced. I claim part of the honor, 



72 


Their Fame Not Limited by State Lines 


I partake in’ the pride of her great names. I claim them for 
countrymen, one and all,—the Laurenses, the Rutledges, the 
Pinckneys, the Sumters, the Marions—Americans all—whose 
fame is no more to be hemmed in by state lines, than their tal¬ 
ents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within 
the same narrow limits. 

In their day and generation, they served and honored the 
country, and the whole country; and their renown is of the treas¬ 
ures of the whole country. Him whose honored name the gen¬ 
tleman himself bears,—does he suppose me less capable of grati¬ 
tude for his patriotism, or sympathy for his sufferings, than ii 
his eyes had first opened upon the light in Massachusetts, instead 
of South Carolina? Sir, does he suppose it in his power to ex¬ 
hibit a Carolina name so bright as to produce envy in my 
bosom ? No sir; increased gratification and delight, rather. Sir, 
I thank God, that if I am gifted with little of the spirit which is 
said to be able to raise mortals to the skies, I have yet none, as 
I trust, of that other spirit which would drag angels down. 

When I shall be found, sir, in my place here in the Senate, 
or elsewhere, to sneer at public merit because it happened to 
spring up beyond the little limits of my own state or neighbor¬ 
hood ; when I refuse for any such cause, or for any cause, the 
homage due to American talent, to elevated patriotism, to sin¬ 
cere devotion to liberty and the country ; or if I see an uncom¬ 
mon endowment of Heaven, if I see extraordinary capacity or 
virtue in any son of the South, and if, moved by local preju¬ 
dice, or gangrened by state jealousy, I get up here to abate a 
tithe of a hair from his just character and just fame,—may my 
tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth ! 

Sir, let me recur to pleasing recollections ; let me indulge 
in refreshing remembrance of the past; let me remind you that 
in early times no states cherished greater harmony, both or 


73 


The World Knows Her History by Heart 

principle and feeling, than Massachusetts and South Carolina. 
Would to God that harmony might again return. Shoulder to 
shoulder they went through the Revolution; hand in hand they 
stood round the administration of Washington, and felt his own 
great arm lean on them for support. Unkind feeling, if it ex- 
ist, alienation, and distrust are the growth, unnatural to such 
soils, of false principles since sown. They are weeds, the seeds 
of which that same great arm never scattered. 

Mr. President, I shall enter on no encomium upon Massachu¬ 
setts. She needs none. There she is; behold her, and judge for 
yourselves. There is her history; the world knows it by heart. 
The past, at least, is secure. There is Boston, and Concord, and 
Lexington, and Bunker Hill; and there they will remain forever. 
The bones of her sons, fallen in the great struggle for independ¬ 
ence, now lie mingled with the soil of every state from New 
England to Georgia; and there they will lie forever. And sir, 
where American liberty raised its first voice, and where its youth 
was nurtured and sustained, there it still lives, in the strength of 
its manhood, and full of its original spirit. If discord and dis¬ 
union shall wound it; if party strife and blind ambition shall 
hawk at and tear it; if folly and madness, if uneasiness under 
salutary and necessary restraint, shall succeed in separating it 
from that Union by which alone its existence is made sure,—it will 
stand, in the end, by the side of that cradle in which its infancy 
was rocked; it will stretch forth its arm, with whatever vigor it 
may still retain, over the friends who gather around it; and it 
will fall at last, if fall it must, amid the proudest monuments of 
its glory, and on the very spot of its origin. 

I profess, sir, in my career hitherto, to have kept steadily 
in view the prosperity and honor of the whole country, and the 
preservation of our Federal Union. It is to that Union we owe 
our safety at home, and our consideration and dignity abroad. 


74 


The Precipice of Disunion 


It is to that Union that we are chiefly indebted for whatever 
makes ns most proud of our country. That Union we reached 
only by the dicipline of our virtues in the severe school of ad¬ 
versity. It had its origin in the necessities of disordered finance, 
prostrate commerce, and ruined credit. Under its. benign in 
Alienees, these great interests immediately awoke, as from the 
dead, and sprang forth with newness of life. Every year of its 
duration has teemed with fresh proofs of its utility and its bless¬ 
ings ; and, although our territory has stretched out wider and 
wider, and our population spread farther and farther, they have 
not outrun its protection or its benefits. It has been to us all a 
copious fountain of national, social, personal happiness. 

I have not allowed myself, sir, to look beyond the Union, 
to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind. I 
haVe not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty when 
the bonds that unite us together shall be broken asunder. I have 
not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion, to 
see whether, with my short sight, I can fathom the depth of the 
abyss below ; nor could I regard him as a safe counselor in the 
affairs of this government, whose thoughts should be mainly 
bent on considering, not how the Union should be best pre¬ 
served, but how tolerable might be the condition of the people 
when it shall be broken up and destroyed. While the Union 
lasts, we have high, exciting, gratifying prospects spread out be¬ 
fore us, for us and our children. Beyond that I seek not to 
penetrate the veil. God grant that in my day at least, that 
curtain may not rise. God grant that on my vision never may 
be opened what lies behind. 

When my eyes turn to behold for the last time the sun in 
heaven, may they not see him shining on the broken and dis¬ 
honored fragments of a once glorious Union ; on States dis¬ 
severed, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds; 


Liberty and Union 


75 


or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood. Let their last feeble 
and lingering glance, rather, behold the gorgeous ensign of the 
republic, now known and honored throughout the earth, still 
full high advanced ; its arms and trophies streaming in all their 
original lustre ; not a stripe erased or polluted; not a single star 
obscured ; bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory 
as “What is all this worth ?” nor those other words of delusion 
and folly, “Liberty first, and Union afterward,” but everywhere, 
spread all over in characters of living light, and blazing on all 
its ample folds, as they float over the sea and over the land, and 
in every wind under the whole heavens, that other sentiment, 
dear to every American heart—“Liberty AND Union—now and 
forever—one and inseparable.” 

Daniel Webster. 


Address at the Dedication of the National Cemetery 

Gettysburg, November 19, 1863. 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth 
upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and ded¬ 
icated to the proposition that all men are created free and equal. 
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that 
nation, or any nation so conceived or so dedicated, can long en¬ 
dure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have 
come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place 
for those who gave their lives that that nation might live. It 
is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in 
a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we 



76 


A Nezv Birth of Freedom 


cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, 
who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to 
add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, 
what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. 
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the' un¬ 
finished work which they who fought here have thus far so 
nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the 
great task remaining before us,—that from these honored dead 
we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave 
the last full measure of devotion—that we highly resolve that 
these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under 
God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and the government of 
the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish 
from the earth. 

Abraham Lincoln. 


EVERETT’S REMARKS CONCERNING EINCOLN’S SPEECH 

It is said that Edward Everett, the orator of the day, grasp¬ 
ed President Eincoln’s hand, with congratulations, adding that 
he would gladly give the hundred pages of his oration to be the 
author of Eincoln’s twenty lines. This has been denied by 
some who assert that Mr. Everett said nothing of the kind. Be 
this as it may, it is certain that the same thought is contained 
in a letter written by him to the President on his return to 
Washington, the day after the ceremony. While it probably 
does not repeat the exact words said by him to Lincoln at 
Gettysburg, it is certainly what he wrote and what he thought 



O Captain! My Captain! 77 

twenty-four hours after hearing 1 the President’s speech. The 
Massachusetts orator’s letter runs thus : 

Washington, November 20, 1863. 

President Lincoln, 

My Dear Sir :—Not wishing to intrude upon your privacy, when you must 
be very much engaged, I beg leave in this way to thank you very sincerely for 
your great thoughtfulness for my daughter’s accommodation on the platform 
yesterday. 

Permit me, also, to express my great admiration of the thoughts expressed 
by you with such eloquent simplicity and appropriateness at the consecration 
of the .cemetery. I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near 
to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes. My 
son, who parted from me at Baltimore, and my daughter concur in this senti¬ 
ment. I remain, dear sir, 

Most respectfully yours. 

Edward Everett. 


On the death of Lincoln, Walt Whitman wrote the beauti¬ 
ful poem, “O Captain ! my Captain !”, a lyric so intense and 
finished that it completely disarms all criticism of much of his 
other work—his “barbaric yawp,” as somebody has called it— 
and easily places him among the greater poets. 

O Captain ! My Captain ! 

O Captain ! my Captain ! our fearful trip is done ; 

The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won. 

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, 

While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring. 
But O heart! heart! heart! 

O the bleeding drops of red, 

Where on the deck my captain lies, 

Fallen cold and dead. 



78 


Fallen Cold and Dead 


O Captain ! my captain ! rise up and hear the bells ; 

Rise up—for you the flag is flung, for you the bugle trills;— 
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths; for you the shore’s 
a-crowding ;— 

For you they call, the-swaying mass, their eager faces turning. 
Here Captain! dear father! 

This arm beneath your head ; 

It is some dream that on the deck 
You’ve fallen cold and dead. 

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; 

My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; 

The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; 
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won. 
Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells, 

But I, with mournful tread, 

Walk the deck where my captain lies 
Fallen cold and dead. 

Walt Whitman . 


Watch-words of Patriotism 

— I — 

I will try, sir.— Col. Miller. 

Don’t give up the ship.— Capt. Lawrence . 

We have met the enemy and they are ours.— Com. Perry. 
The Union must and shall be preserved .—Andrew Jackson. 



79 


Watch - words of Patriotism 

Is slavery wrong? That is the real issue.— Abraham Lincoln. 

Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.— C. Pinckney. 

I require no guard but the affections of the people.— George 
Washington. 

I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer. 
— U. S. Grant. 

Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.— 
Daniel Webster. 

Sink or swim ; live or die; survive or perish ; I am for the 
Declaration.— Johij Adams. 

If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot 
him on the spot.— Gen. Dix. 

I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give 
me liberty or give me death !— Patrick Henry. 

— II — 

I express it as my conviction before God, that it is the duty of 
every American citizen to rally round the flag of his country. 
—Stephen A. Douglass. 

I have served my country under the flag of the Union for 
more than fifty years; and as long as God permits me to live I 
will defend the flag with my sword even if my own state assails 
it.— Gen. Scott. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are cre¬ 
ated equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain 
inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur¬ 
suit of happiness.— Thomas Jefferson. 

Every good citizen makes his country’s honor his own, and 
cherishes it, not only as precious, but as sacred. He is willing 
to risk his life in its defence, and is conscious that he gains pro¬ 
tection while giving it.— A7idrew Jackson. 


8 o 


Watch-words of Patriotism 


The moment I heard of America, I loved her. The moment 
I heard she was fighting for freedom, I burned with a desire of 
bleeding for her, and the moment I shall be able to serve her at 
any time, or in any part of the world, will be the happiest one 
of my life.— Lafayette. 

— Ill — 

With malice toward none, with charity toward all, with firm¬ 
ness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on 
to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, and 
do all which may achieve-a just and lasting peace among our¬ 
selves and with all other nations.— Abraham Lincoln. 

I love freedom better than slavery, and I will speak her words ; 
I will listen to her music; I will acknowledge her impulses ; 
I will stand beneath her flag ; I will fight in her ranks ; and when 
I do so, I shall find myself surrounded by the great, the wise, 
the good, the brave, the noble of every land.— E. D. Baker. 

Let our object be our country, our whole country, and noth¬ 
ing but our country. And by the blessing of God, may that 
country itself become a vast and splendid monument, not of op¬ 
pression and terror, but of wisdom, of peace, of liberty, upon 
which the world may gaze, with admiration, forever.— Daniel 
Webster. 

— IV — 

Tell me, ye who make your pious pilgrimages to the shades 
of Mt. Vernon, is Washington indeed shut up in that cold and 
narrow house ? That which made these men and men like these 
cannot die. The hand that traced the charter of independence 
is, indeed, motionless; the eloquent lips that sustained it are 
hushed ; but the lofty spirits that conceived, resolved, and main¬ 
tained it, and which alone, to such men, make it life to live— 
these cannot expire.— Edward Everett. 


The Colonial Timepiece kept Ticking , Ticking 8r 


But the colonial timepiece kept ticking, ticking to the press¬ 
ure of the English government, the giant wheels playing calmly 
till 1775, when there was a strange stir and buzz within the 
case. But the sixtieth minute came, and the clock struck. 

The world heard ;—the battle of Eexington,— one; the Decla¬ 
ration of Independence,— tivo; the surrender of Burgoyne, three; 
the seige of Yorktown, four; the treaty of Paris, five; the in¬ 
auguration of Washington, six; and then it was sunrise of the 
new day, of which we have yet seen only the glorious forenoon. 

Tho. Starr King . 

— V — 


O glorious flag! red, white, and blue, 

Bright emblem of the pure and true; 

O glorious group of clustering stars ! 

Ye lines of light, ye crimson bars, 

Trampled in dust by traitor feet, 

Once more your flowing folds we greet 
Triumphant over all defeat; 

Henceforth in every clime to be, 

Unfading scarf of liberty, 

The ensign of the brave and free. 

E. J. Preston. 


— VI — 

Wave, starry flag, on high ! 

Float in the sunny sky ! 

Stream o’er the stormy tide ! 

For every stripe of stainless hue, 
And every star in field of blue, 

Ten thousand of the brave and true 
Have laid them down and died. 


82 


Honored on Land and Sea 


Red, white, and bine, wave on ! 

Never may sire or son 
Thy glory mar; 

Sacred to liberty, 

Honored on land and sea, 

Unsoiled for ever be 

Each stripe and star.— IV. P. Tilden. 

— VII — 

God bless the flag! let it float and fill 
The sky with its beauty ; our heart-strings thrill 
To the low, sweet chant of its wind-swept bars, 

And the chorus of all its clustering stars. 

Embrace it, O mothers, and heroes shall grow, 

While its colors blush warm o’er your bosoms of snow, 
Defend it, O fathers, there’s no sweeter death, 

Than to flaunt its fair folds with a soldier’s last breath; 

And love it, O children, be true to the sires, 

Who wove it in pain by the old camp-fires. 

Samuel L. Simpson . 

— VIII — 

When Freedom from her mountain height 
Unfurled her standard to the air, 

She tore the azure robe of night, 

And set the stars of glory there ; 

She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 
The milky baldric of the skies, 

And striped its pure, celestial white 
With streakings of the morning light: 

Then from his mansion in the sun 
She called her eagle bearer down, 


Patriotic Quotations 


83 


And gave into his mighty hand 
The symbol of her chosen land. 

Flag of the free heart’s hope and home, 

By angel hands to valor given! 

Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 

And all thy hues were born in heaven. 
Forever float that standard sheet! 

Where breathes the foe but falls before us, 
With Freedom’s soil beneath our feet, 

And Freedom’s banner streaming o’er us? 

J. R. Drake . 

— IX — 

A song for our banner ? The watch-word recall 
Which gave the Republic her station; 

“United we stand—divided we fall!” 

It made and preserved us a nation. 

The union of lakes—the union of lands— 

The union of states none can sever— 

The union of hearts—the union of hands— 

And the flag of our Union forever. 

Geo . P. Morris. 

— X — 

Who would sever Freedom’s shrine ? 

Who would draw the invidious line ? 

Though, by birth, one spot be mine, 

Dear is all the rest! 

Dear to me, the South’s fair land! 

Dear, the central mountain band ! 

Dear, New England’s rocky strand ! 

Dear, the prairied West! 


8 4 


Thou , too , Sail on , (9 AV//j£ of State! 

By our altars, pure and free ! 

By our laws’ deep-rooted tree ! 

By the past’s dread memory ! 

By our Washington! 

By our common kindred tongue ! 

By our hopes, bright, buoyant, young! 

By the ties of country strong ! 

We will still be one ! 

Fathers ! have we bled in vain ? 

Ages ! must ye sleep again ? 

Maker! shall we rashly stain 

Blessings sent by Thee ? 

No! receive our common vow, 

While before Thy throne we bow, 

Ever to defend, as now, 

Home and liberty !— Theo. S. Grimke. 


— XI — 


Thou, too, sail on, O ship of state ! 

Sail on, O Union, strong and great! 
Humanity with all its fears, 

With all the hopes of future years, 

Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! 

We know what Master laid thy keel, 
What Workmen wrought thy ribs of steel, 
Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, 
What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 

In what a forge and what a heat 
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope ! 

Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 
’Tis of the wave and not the rock; 


85 


Be a Hero in the Strife! 

’Tis but the flapping of the sail, 

And not a rent made by the gale ! 

In spite of rocks and tempests roar, 

In spite of false lights on the shore, 

Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea ! 

Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee, 

Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, 
Our faith triumphant o’er our fears, 

Are all with thee,—are all with thee! 

Longfellow . 

— XII — 

In the world’s broad field of battle, 

In the bivouac of life, 

Be not like dumb, driven cattle! 

Be a hero in the strife !— Longfellozv . 

— XIII — 

But whether on the scaffold high 
Or in the battle’s van, 

The fittest place where man can die 
Is where he dies for man.— M. F Barry . 

— XIV — 

So when a great man dies, 

For years beyond our ken, 

The light he leaves behind him lies 
Upon the paths of men.— Longfellow . 

— XV — 

Peace to the brave who nobly fell 

Beneath our flag, their hope and pride! 

They fought like heroes long and well 
And then like heroes died.— Adams. 


86 


Leonidas and Washington 


Where may the wearied eye repose, 

When gazing on the great; 

Where neither guilty glory glows, 

Nor despicable state? 

Yes,—one,—the first, the last, the best,— 

The Cincinnatus of the West, 

Whom envy dared not hate,— 

Bequeathed the name of Washington, 

To make men blush there was but one.— Byron . 

— XVI — 

Leonidas and Washington, 

Whose every battle-field is holy ground, 

Which breathes of nations saved, not worlds undone 
How sweetly on the ear such echoes sound ! 

While the mere victors may appal or stun 
The servile and the vain, such names will be 
A watchword till the Future shall be free.— Byron, 

— XVII — 

How sleep the brave who sink to rest, 

By all their country’s wishes blest! 

When Spring, with dewy fingers cold, 

Returns to deck their hallowed mould, 

She there shall dress a sweeter sod, 

Than Fancy’s feet have ever trod. 

By fairy hands their knell is rung, 

By forms unseen their dirge is sung; 

There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray, 

To bless the turf that wraps their clay ; 

And Freedom shall awhile repair, 

To dwell, a weeping hermit, there.— Collins . 


8 7 


The Ballot-Box My Throne 

We give thy natal day to hope, 

O Country of our love and prayer! 

Thy way is down no fatal slope, 

But up to freer sun and air. 

— XVIII — 

O Band of lands! to thee we give 

Our prayers, our hopes, our service free; 

For thee thy sons shall nobly live, 

And at thy need shall die for thee! 

- XIX — 

The proudest now is but my peer, 

The highest not more high; 

To-day, of all the weary year; 

A king of men am I. 

To-day, alike are great and small, 

The nameless and the known; 

My palace is the people’s hall, 

The ballot-box my throne.— Whittier . 

-XX- 

But to the hero, when his sword 

Has won the battle for the free, 

Thy voice sounds like a prophet’s word; 

And in its hollow tones are heard 

The thanks of millions yet to be. 

Fitz-Greene Halleck . 

— XXI — 

Those that by their deeds make known 
Whose dignity they do sustain; 

And life, state, glory, all they gain, 

Count the republic's, not their own .—Ben Jonson . 


88 


Manhood is the One Immortal Thing 


Treading the path to noble ends, 

A long farewell to love I gave; 

Resolved my country and my friends 
All that remained of me should have. 

Waller. 


— XXII — 


Life may be given in many ways, 

And loyalty to truth be sealed 
As bravely in the closet as the field, 

So generous is fate; 

Blit then to stand beside her 
When craven churls deride her, 

To front a lie in arms and not to yield,— 
This shows, methinks, God’s plan 
And measure of a stalwart man.— Lowell . 

— XXIII — 


For manhood is the one immortal thing 
Beneath time’s changeful sky; 

And where it lightened once, from age to age, 
Men came to learn in grateful pilgrimage, 

That length of days is knowing how to die. 

Lozvell. 


— XXIV — 


When a deed is done for freedom, through the oroad earth’s 
aching breast 

Runs a thrill of joy prophetic, trembling on from east to west, 
And the slave where’er he cowers, feels the soul within him climb 
To the awful verge of manhood, as the energy sublime 
Of a century, bursts full-blossomed on the thorny stem of time. 

Lowell. 


8 9 


The Best Answer to Calumny 
— XXV — 

One may live as a conqueror, a king, or a magistrate; but 
lie must die as a man.— Daniel Webster. 

One of the illusions is that the present hour is not the crit¬ 
ical, decisive hour. Write it on your heart that every day is the 
best day in the year.— Emerson. 

To persevere in one’s duty and to be silent is the best answer 
to calumny.— Washington. 

Schoolhouses are the republican line of fortifications.— 
Horace Mann. 

The strength of a nation, especially a republican nation, is 
in the intelligent and well-ordered homes of its people.— Mrs. 

Sigourney. 

Of all the whole sum of human life no small part is that 
which consists of a man’s relation to his country, and his feel¬ 
ings concerning it.— Gladstone. 

Be just and fear not; let all the ends thou aimest at, be thy 
country’s, thy God’s, and truth’s.— Shakespeare. 

He was the bravest citizen of Rome, that did most love and 
serve his country ; and he the saint among the Jews who most 
loved Zion.— Baxter. 

I do love my country’s good with a respect more tender, 
more holy and profound than mine own life.— Shakespeare. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer¬ 
tain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness.— -Jefferson. 

He did the two greatest things which, in politics, man can 
have the privilege of attempting. He maintained, by peace, 
that independence of his country, which he had acquired by war. 
He founded a free government, in the name of the principles of 
•order, and by re-establishing their sway.— M. Guizot. 


90 Not a Superstitious Sentiment 

The proper means of increasing the love we bear to our 
native country, is to reside for some time in a foreign one.— 
Shenstone. 

Give me the centralism of liberty ; give me the imperialism 
of equal rights.— Sumner. 

Above all other liberties, give me the liberty to know, to 
think, to believe, and to utter freely, according to conscience.— 
Milton. 

I believe it is not a superstitious sentiment that leads to the 
conviction that God has watched over our national life from its 
beginning. Who will say that the things worthy of God’s re¬ 
gard and fostering care are unworthy of the touch of the wisest 
and best of men.— Grover Cleveland. 

To him who denies or doubts whether our fervid liberty can 
be combined with law, with order, with the security of property, 
with the pursuits and advancement of happiness; to him who 
denies that our forms of government are capable of producing ex¬ 
altation of soul, and the passion of true glory ; to him who de¬ 
nies that we have contributed anything to the stock of great 
lessons and great examples—to all these I reply by pointing to 
Washington. — Daniel Webster. 

The Republic may perish ; the wide arch of our varied 
Union may fall; star by star its glories may expire; stone by 
stone its columns and its capitol may molder and crumble ; all 
other names which adorn its annals may be forgotten ;—but as 
long as human hearts shall anywhere pant, or human tongues 
shall anywhere plead for a true, rational, and constitutional lib¬ 
erty, those hearts shall enshsrine the memory, and those tongues 
prolong the fame of George Washington.— Robert C. Winthrop. 

When the excitement of party warfare presses dangerously 
near our national safeguards, I would have the intelligent con¬ 
servatism of our universities and colleges warn the contestants 


9i 


Every Village Claims its Glorious Dead 

in impressive tones against the perils of a breach impossible to 
repair. When popular discontent and passion are stimulated 
by the arts of designing partisans to a pitch perilously near to 
class hatred or sectional anger, I would have our universities 
and colleges sound the alarm in the name of American brother¬ 
hood and fraternal dependence .—Grover Cleveland. 

— XXVI — 

Land of the forest and the rock— 

Of dark blue lake and mighty river— 

Of mountain reared aloft to mock 

The storm’s career, the lightning’s shock : 

My own green land forever! 

Oh ! never may a son of thine, 

Where’er his wandering feet incline, 

Forget the sky that bent above 
His childhood like a dream of love ! 

Whittier . 

— XXVII — 

Point to the summits where the brave have bled, 

Where every village claims its glorious dead ; 

Say, when their bosoms met the bayonet’s shock, 

Their only corslet was the rustic frock ; 

Say, when they mustered to the gathering horn, 

The titled chieftain curled his lip in scorn, 

Yet, when their leader bade his lines advance, 

No musket wavered in the lion’s glance; 

Say, when they fainted in the forced retreat, 

They tracked the snowdrifts with their bloody feet, 

Yet still their banners, tossing in the blast, 

Bore Ever Ready , faithful to the last. 


Holmes. 


Unwept , Unhonored , < 2 ?^ Unsung 


92 


— XXVIII — 

Our country first, their glory and tlieir pride, 

Hand of their hopes, land where their fathers died, 
When in the right, they’ll keep thy honor bright, 
When in the wrong, they’ll die to set it right. 

J. S. Fie lds. 

— XXIX — 

Man, through all ages of revolving time, 
Unchanging man, in every varying clime, 

Deems his own land of every land the pride, 
Beloved of Heaven o’er all the world beside. 

Montgomery. 

_ XXX — 

Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 

Who never to himself hath said, 

This is my own, my native land ? 

Whose heart hath ne’er within him burned, 

As home his footsteps he hath turned, 

From wandering on a foreign strand ? 

If such there breathe, go, mark him well,— 

For him no minstrel raptures swell; 

High though his titles, proud his name, 
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim ; 

Despite those titles, power, and pelf, 

The wretch, concentered all in self, 

Diving, shall forfeit fair renown, 

And, doubly dying, shall go down 
To the vile dust from whence he sprung, 

Unwept, unhonored, and unsung. 


Walter Scott. 


The Course of Empire 


93 


— XXXI — 

Stoop angels, hither from the skies; 

There is no holier spot cjf ground 
Than where defeated valor lies, 

By mourning beauty crowned. 

Henry Timrod. 

Sound, sound the clarion ! fill the fife! 

To all the sensual world proclaim, 

One crowded hour of glorious life 
Is worth an age without a name. 

Walter Scott. 

Westward the course of empire takes its way ; 

The first four acts already past, 

A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; 

Time’s noblest offspring is the last. 

Bishop Berkley. 

(Original closing lines of the “American Flag”) 

And fixed as yonder orb divine 

That saw thy bannered blaze unfurled, 

Shall thy proud stars resplendent shine, 

The guard and glory of the world.— Drake . 

— XXXII — 

They sought not gold nor guilty ease 
Upon that rock-bound shore,— 

They left such prizeless toys as these 
To those that loved them more. 

They sought to breathe a freer air, 

To worship God unchained ; 

They welcomed pain and danger here, 

When rights like these were gained. 


94 


Who Shall Divide Us f 


— XXXIII — 

Columbia, Columbia, to glory arise, 

The queen of the world and the child of the skies ! 
Thy genius commands thee; with rapture behold 
While ages on ages thy splendors unfold. 

Thy reign is the last, and the noblest of time; 

Most fruitful thy soil, most inviting thy clime ; 

Let the crimes of the East ne’er encrimson thy name 
Be freedom and science and virtue thy fame. 

Timothy Dwight. 

— XXXIV — 

They never fail who die 

In a great cause. The block may soak their gore; 
Their heads may sodden in the sun ; their limbs 
Be strung to city gates or castle walls; 

But still their spirit walks abroad. Though years 
Elapse, and others share as dark a doom, 

They but augment the great and sweeping thoughts 
That overspread all others, and conduct 
The world at last to freedom.— Byron. 

— XXXV — 

Lord of the Universe ! shield us and guide us; 

Trusting Thee always through shadow and sun ! 
Thou hast united us,—who shall divide us ? 

* Keep us, oh keep us the many in one ! 

Up with our banner bright, 

Sprinkled with starry light, 

Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore, 
While through the sounding sky, 

Loud rings the nation’s cry, 

Union and Liberty ! One evermore !— Holmes. 


Liberty knows Nothing but Victories 


95 


— XXXVI — 

Public office is a public trust.— Grover Cleveland. 

One, on God’s side, is a majority.— Wendell Phillips. 

I would rather be right than be president.— Henry Clay. 

The crime makes the shame, not the scaffold.— Charlotte 
Corday. 

A great country can have no such thing as a little war.— 

Wellington. 

This government does not depend upon the life of any 
m an. — Lincoln. 

I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country. 
—Nathan Hale. 

He serves his party best, who serves the country best.— 
Rutherford B. Hayes. 

Lincoln was the true representative ot this continent.— 
Ralph Waldo Emerson. 

The government of the people, by the people, and for the 
people.— Abraham Lincoln. 

Whether in chains or in laurels, liberty knows nothing but 
victories.— Wendell Phillips. 

Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down 
his life for his friends.— Bible. 

I don’t think much of a man who is not wiser to-^ay than 
he was yesterday.— Abraham Lincoln. 

I believe this government cannot endure permanently half 
lsave and half free.— Abraham Lincoln. 

If a sparrow cannot fall without God’s knowledge, how can 
an empire rise without his aid ?— Fra 7 iklin. 

Of all human things nothing is more honorable or excel¬ 
lent than to deserve well of one’s country.— Cicero. 

And can we deem it strange that from their planting such a 
branch should bloom as nations envy ?— Mrs. Sigourney. 


96 


God is My Leader 


— XXXVII — 

I know no North, no South, no East, no West.— Henry 
Clay. 

I was born an American ; I live an American ; I shall die 
an American.— Webster. 

I am going into Mobile Bay in the morning if “God is my 
leader,” as I hope he is.— Admiral Farragut. 

Pity me not. I am happier than you ; for I am fighting to 
be free, while you are striving to enslave your countrymen.— 
Francis Marion. 

I know that I have the body of a weak and feeble woman ; 
but I have the heart of a king, and of a king of England too. 
—Queen Elizabeth. 

If I were an American, as I am an Englishman, while a for¬ 
eign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down 
my arms,—never ! never ! never!— Lord Chatham. 

That man is little to be envied whose patriotism would no 
gain force upon the plain of Marathon, or whose piety would 
not grow warmer among the ruins of Iona.— Johnson. 

When peace with victory comes, there will be some black 
men who will remember that with silent tongue, and clenched 
teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have helped 
on mankind to this great consummation ; while I fear there will 
be some white ones unable to forget that with malignant heart 
and deceitful speech they have striven to hinder and prevent it. 
— Lincoln. 

Eincoln will stand out in the traditions of the world as the 
incarnation of the people and of modern democracy itself. His 
name will continue one of the greatest that history has to in¬ 
scribe on its annals. 

As statesman, ruler, and liberator, civilization will hold the 
name of Eincoln in perpetual honor.— Nicolay. 


Lincoln s Return 


97 


He comes back to us, his work finished, the republic vindi¬ 
cated, its enemies overthrown, suing for peace. He left us, ask¬ 
ing that the prayers of the people might be offered to Almighty 
God for wisdom and help to see the right path and pursue it. 
Those prayers were answered. He accomplished his work, and 
now the prayers of the people ascend for help to bear the great 
affliction which has fallen upon them. Slain as no other man 
has been slain, cut down while interposing his great charity and 
mercy between the wrath of the people and guilty traitors, the 
people of Chicago tenderly receive the sacred ashes with bowed 
head and streaming eyes .—Chicago Tribune . 


PATRIOTIC POEMS 
A Wanderer 

I have lingered in ivy-grown bowers, 

In minsters and palaces vast, 

Amid castles and crumbling towers 
Whose shadows backward are cast; 

But the longed-for Atlantis is ours, 

And freedom interprets at last 
The dream of the past. 

The rivers of story and song, 

The Danube, the Elbe, and the Rhine, 

Entrance for a day, but I long 
For the dear old Hudson of mine ; 

The Hudson, where memories throng, 
Where love’s fondest tendrils entwine, 
Of beauty the shrine. 



The Land of the Free 

Like music entranced in a dream 

Glide the Afton, the Doon, and the Ayi; 

But the Jansen—the clear Jansen stream, 

In one heart shall their melody share ; . 

And my soul still reflects its bright gleam, 

For I played in my childhood there, 

When visions were fair. 

I have neard the sweet chiming of bells 
From the Seine to the Avon and Dee, 

But sweeter the anthem that swells 
From the pine-clad Sierras to me; 

And the Sabbath-like stillness that dwells 
In these mountains far up from the sea, 

Lake Tahoe with thee. 

I have wandered the wide world o’er, 

I have sailed over many a sea, 

But the land that I love more and more 

Is Columbia, the land of the free. * 

From the east to the western shore, 

From the north to the southern sea, 
Columbia for me! 

Wallace Bruce, 


The Landing of the Pilgrims 

The breaking waves aaslied high 
On a stern and rock-bound coast, 
And the woods against a stormy sky 
Their giant branches tossed ; 



Their Welcome Home 


99 


And the heavy night hung dark 
The hills and waters o’er, 

When a band of exiles moored their bark 
On the wild New England shore. 

Not as the conqueror comes, 

They the true-hearted, came ; 

Not with the roll of the stirring drums, 

And the trumpet that sings of fame ; 

Not as the flying come, 

In silence and in fear: 

They shook the depths of the forest’s gloom 
With their hymns of lofty cheer. 

Amid the storm they sang, 

And the stars heard, and the sea ; 

And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang 
To the anthem of the free. 

The ocean-eagle soared 

From his nest by the white wave’s foam, 

And the rocking pines of the forest roamed : 
This was their welcome home. 

There were men with hoary hair 
Amid that pilgrim band ; 

Why had they come to wither there, 

Away from their childhood’s land ? 

There was woman’s fearless eye, 

Lit by her deep love’s truth ; 

There was manhood’s brow, serenely high, 

And the fiery heart of youth. 



IOO 


A IVierd, Discordant Howl 


What sought they thus afar ? 

Bright jewels of the mine? 

The wealth of seas, the spoils of war? 

They sought a faith’s pure shrine ! 

Ay, call it holy ground, 

The soil where first they trod ! 

They have left unstained what there they found,— 
Freedom to worship God ! 

Felicia Hemans. 


Freedom’s Songs in School 

Close to the street, with bare red wall, 
The grim old schoolhouse stands ; 

Its iron bell, like duty’s call, 

Rings out its stern commands. 

And every morning as we pass 
The village street along, 

0 We hear the voices of the class 
Ring out the Nation’s song. 

The small boy’s treble piping clear, 

The larger boy’s low growl, 

And from the boy who has no ear, 

A wierd, discordant howl. 

With swelling hearts we hear them sing, 
“My country, ’tis of thee”— 

From childish throats the anthem ring, 
“Sweet land of liberty.” 



Breathe Balmy Airs! 


IOI 


Their little hearts aglow with pride, 

Each, with exultant tongue, 

Proclaims, “From every mountain side 
Eet Freedom’s song be sung.” 

Eet him who’d criticise the time, 

Or scout the harmony, 

Betake him to some other clime— 

No patriot is he. 

From scenes like these our grandeur springs, 
And we shall e’er be strong, 

While o’er the land the schoolhouse rings 
Each day with Freedom’s song.— Anon. 


Breathe Balmy Airs 

For Memorial Day 

• 

Breathe balmy airs, ye fragrant flowers, 

O’er every silent sleeper’s head ; 

Ye crystal dews and summer showers, 

Dress in fresh green each lowly bed. 

Strew loving offerings o’er the brave, 

Their country’s joy, their country’s pride ; 

For us their precious lives they gave, 

For freedom’s sacred cause they died. 

Each cherished name its place shall hold, 
Dike stars that gem the azure sky ; 

Their deeds on history’s page enrolled, 

Are sealed for immortality. 



103 


On Glory's Fields They Fell 


Long, where on glory’s fields they fell, 

May freedom’s spotless banner wave ; 

And fragrant tributes, grateful, tell 

Where live the free, where sleep the brave. 



The Old Continentals 

In their ragged regimentals 

Stood the old Continentals, 

Yielding not 

When the grenadiers were lunging 

And like hail fell the plunging 
Cannon shot; 

Where the files 
Of the isles 

From the smoky night encampment 

Bore the banner of the rampant 
Unicorn; 

And grummer, grummer, grummer, 

Rolled the roll of the drummer 
Through the morn. 

Then the old-fashioned colonel 

Galloped through the white infernal 
Powder cloud ; 

And his broad sword was swinging, 

And his brazen throat was ringing , 
Trumpet loud ; 

* There the blue 

Bullets flew, 



In the Thickest of the Fray 103 

And the troopers’ jackets redden 
At the touch of the leaden 
Rifle breath ; 

And rounder, rounder, rounder, 

Roared the iron six-pounder 
Hurling Death. 

The old Continentals 
In their ragged regimentals 
Faltered not. 

Knickerbocker Magazine . 


Martyrs for Freedom 

For Memorial Day 

“Forward !” was the word when day 
Dawned upon the armed array. 

“Fallen !” was the word when night 
Closed upon the field of fight. 

“Hurt, my boy?” “Oh, no ! Not much !” 
“Only got a little touch !” 

“Wonder what the folks would say, 

If they knew the news to-day ?” 

* * * * * 

“Forward !” was the word that flashed 
Homeward when the cannon crashed. 

“Fallen?” “Yes ; he fell, they say, 

In the thickest of the fray !” 



104 


Entered her Gethsemane 


“Died last night!” the message said 
Thus the morrow’s papers read. 

One young heart that heard that word 
Fluttered like a wounded bird. 

One was broken ! Bowed her head ! 
“Mother ! Mother ! Mother’s dead !” 


* * * 


* 


Two green graves we’ll deck to-day, 
Son’s and mother’s side by side; 
None will dare to tell us “Nay !” 

Both for right and freedom died. 

While we honor him who fell 
In the fiercest of the fray, 

We will honor her as well 
Dying by his side to-day. 

Let the flowers forever fair, 

Bloom above our fallen braves; 
While the angels guard them there, 
Glory lingers o’er their graves. 

Long ago one sweet young soul 
Entered her Gethsemane, 

Death to her the greatest goal, 

As it must to many be ! 

But life lingers—Oh ! so long! 

And the years so weary grow! 


Comrades! Call the Roll again! 105 

Tears have choked her heart’s sweet song, 
Dimmed those eyes that used to glow! 

Oh ! the bleeding, broken hearts, 

Living long their lingering death, 

Pierced by countless cruel darts, 

Smothered sobs beneath each breath. 

Comrades ! Call the roll again ! 

Write their names on glory’s page ! 

Those who bore the grief and pain, 

Fiercer far than battle’s rage! 

Now they lie there side by side, 

He who fell in martial strife— 

Mother,—and his gentle bride 
Dearer to him than his life. 

As you deck his grave again, 

Write her name—but not beneath ! 

By her agony and pain 

Crown her grave with fairest wreath ! 

Angels ! Call the roll again ! 

Write her name above the stars ! 

For her patient faith in pain, 

Deeper far than battle scars ! 

Three green graves we deck to-day, 

This the third, where lies his bride— 

None will dare to tell us “Nay!” 

For these three for freedom died ! 

New York Evening Post. 


io6 


Love Gives them a Meaning Sublime 


Our Flag 

A Pupil appears with the Flag in his hand 

Oh, flag of a resolute nation, 

Oh, flag of the strong and free, 

The cherished of true-hearted millions, 

We hallow thy colors three ! 

Three proud, floating emblems of glory, 

Our guide for the coming time ; 

The red, white, and blue, in their beauty, 

Love gives them a meaning sublime. 

Thy red is the deep crimson life-stream, 

Which flowed on the battle-plain, 

Redeeming our land from oppression, 

And leaving no servile stain. 

Thy white is a proud people’s honor, 

Kept spotless and clear as light; 

A pledge of unfaltering justice, 

A symbol of truth and right. 

Thy blue is our nation’s endurance, 

And points to the blue above; 

The limitless measureless azure, 

A type of our Father’s love. 

Thy stars are God’s witness of blessing, 

And smile at the foeinan’s frown ; 

They sparkle and gleam in their splendor, 
Bright gems in the great world’s crown. 

Montgomery. 






t 


< 


i 




' a 


* 






















































107 


Of Every Land the Pride 

Our Flag is There 

Recitation when a new Flag is raised on the Schoolhouse 

Our flag is there, our flag is there! 

We’ll greet it with three loud huzzas. 

Our flag is there, our flag is there! 

Behold the glorious stripes and stars. 

Stout hearts have fought for that bright flag, 
Strong hands sustained it mast-head high, 

And, oh, to see how proud it waves 
Brings tears of joy to every eye. 

That flag withstood the battle’s roar, 

With foemen stout, with foemen brave; 
Strong hands have sought that flag to lower, 

And found a speedy watery grave. 

That flag is known on every shore, 

The standard of a gallant band, 

Alike unstained in peace and war, 

It floats o’er Freedom’s happy land. 

A Naval Officer of 1812. 

Patriotism 

Recitation for Columbus Day 

There is a land, of every land the pride, 

Beloved by Heaven, o’er all the world beside ; 
Where brighter suns dispense serener light, 

And milder moons imparadise the night; 

A land of beauty, virtue, valor, truth, 
Time-tutored age, and love-exalted youth ; 

The wandering mariner, whose eye explores 
The wealthiest isles, the most enchanting shores, 



io8 


The Song of the Camp 


Views not a realm so bountiful and fair, 

Nor breathes the spirit of a purer air ; 

In every clime the magnet of his soul, 

Touched by remembrance, trembles to that pole ; 
For in this land of Heaven’s peculiar grace— 

The heritage of nature’s noblest race— 

There is a spot of earth supremely blest, 

A dearer, sweeter spot than all the rest, 

Where man, creation’s tyrant, casts aside 
His sword and scepter, pageantry and pride, 

While in his softened looks benignly blend 
The sire, the son, the husband, brother, friend; 
Here woman reigns; the mother, daughter, wife, 
Strew with fresh flowers the narrow way of life; 

In the clear heaven of her delightful eye, 

An angel-guard of love and graces lie ; 

Around her knees domestic duties meet, 

And fireside pleasures gambol at her feet. 

“Where shall that land , that spot of earth be found?” 
Art thou a man?—a patriot?—look around ; 

Oh, thou shall find, howe’er thy footsteps roam, 
That land thy country, and that spot thy home ! 

James Montgomery. 


From “The Song of the Camp” 

They sang of love, and not of fame ; 

Forgot was Britain’s glory : 

Each heart recalled a different name, 
But all sang “Annie Laurie.” 



Their Battle-Eve Confession 109 

Voice after voice caught up the song, 

Until its tender passion 

Rose like an anthem, rich and strong,— 

Their battle-eve confession. 

And Irish Nbra’s eyes are dim 
For a singer dumb and gory ; 

And English Mary mourns for him 
Who sang of “Annie Laurie.” 

Sleep, soldiers ! still in honored rest 
Your truth and valor wearing: 

The bravest are the tenderest,— 

The loving are the daring. 

Bayard Taylor. 


Flag of the Brave 

Noble Republic ! happiest of lands ! 
Foremost of nations Columbia stands. 
Freedom’s proud banner floats in the skies 
Where shouts of Liberty daily arise ! 

United we stand, divided we fall, 

Union forever, freedom for all. 

Should ever traitor rise in the land 
Cursed be his homestead, withered his hand, 
Shame be his memory, scorn be his lot, 
Exile his heritage, his name a blot. 

United we stand, divided we fall, 

Granting a home and freedom to all. 



no 


Beneath Thy Rays Our Fathers Bled 

To all her heroes, justice and fame, 

To all her foes a traitor’s foul name ; 

Our stripes and stars still proudly shall wave, 
Emblem of Liberty—flag of the brave. 

United we stand, divided we fall, 

Gladly we’ll die at our country’s call. 

Harrison Millard. 


Freedom’s Flag 

Our country’s flag! O, emblem dear 
Of all the soul loves best! 

What glories in thy folds appear 
Let noble deeds attest. 

Thy presence on the field of strife 
Enkindles valor’s flame, 

Around thee in the hour of peace 
We twine our nation’s fame. 

Beneath thy rays our fathers bled 
In Freedom’s holy cause ; 

Where’er to heaven thy folds outspread, 
Prevail sweet Freedom’s laws. 

Prosperity has marked thy course 
O’er all the land and sea; 

Thy favored sons in distant climes, 

Still fondly look to thee. 

Proud banner of the noble free 
Emblazoned from on high ! 

Long may thy folds unsoiled reflect 
The glories of the sky ! 



Hymn of the Moravian Nuns m 

Long may thy land be Freedom’s land, 

Thy homes with virtue bright, 

Thy sons a brave united band, 

For God, for Truth, for Right. 

John J. Hood. 


Pulaski’s Banner 


Count Casimir Pulaski was presented with a beautiful banner of crimson 
silk embroidered by the Moravian nuns or single sisters. The brave Pole re¬ 
ceived it with grateful acknowledgments, and bore it gallantly through many a 
conflict, until he fell at Savannah in 1779. On one side of the banner were the 
letters U. S., and, in a circle around them, the motto, UniTas VirtuS Fortior— 
“Union makes valor stronger.” On the other side was a representation of the 
All-seeing Eye, with thirteen stars and the words Non aeius REGIT —“No other 
governs.” 

When the dying flame of day 
Through the chancel shot its ray, 

Far the glimmering tapers shed 
Faint light on the cowled head ; 

And the censer burning swung, 

Where, before the altar, hung 

The crimson banner, that with prayer 

Had been consecrated there. 

And the nuns’ sweet hymn was heard the while, 
Sung low, in the dim, mysterious aisle. 

‘‘Take thy banner ! May it wave 
Proudly o’er the good and brave ; 

When the battle’s distant wail 
Breaks the sabbath of our vale, 



His Martial Cloak and Shroud 


113 


When the clarion’s music thrills, 

To the hearts of these lone hills, 

When the spear in conflict shakes, 

And the strong lance shivering breaks. 

“Take thy banner! and, beneath 
The battle-cloud’s encircling wreath, 

Guard it, till our homes are free ! 

Guard it! God will prosper thee ! 

In the dark and trying hour, 

In the breaking forth of power, 

In the rush of steeds and men, 

His right hand will shield thee then. 

“Take thy banner ! But when night 
Closes round the ghastly fight 
If the vanquished warrior bow, 

Spare him ! By our holy vow, 

By our prayers and many tears, 

By the mercy that endears, 

Spare him ! he our love hath shared ! 

Spare him ! as thou wouldst be spared ! 

“Take thy banner ! and if e’er 
Thou shouldst press the soldier’s bier, 

And the muffled drum should beat 
To the tread of mournful feet, 

Then this crimson flag shall be 
Martial cloak and shroud for thee.” 

The warrior took that banner proud, 

And it was his martial cloak and shroud ! 

Longfellozv. 


A Song for Our Banner 113 

The Flag of our Union Forever 

A song for our banner, the watch-word recall, 

Which gave the Republic her station, 

“United we stand, divided we fall,” 

It made and preserved us a nation. 

What God in his infinite wisdom designed, 

And armed with the weapons of thunder, 

Not all the earth’s despots or factions combined 
Have the power to conquer or sunder. 

The union of lakes, the union of lands, 

The union of states none can sever, 

The union of hearts, the union of hands, 

And the flag of our union torever. 

George P. Morris . 


The Battle-Flags 

Nothing but flags ;—but simple flags. 

Tattered and torn and hanging in rags; 

And we walk beneath them with careless tread, 

Nor think of the hosts of the mighty dead, 

Who have marched beneath them in days gone by, 
With a burning cheek and a kindling eye, 

And have bathed their folds with their young life’s tide, 
And dying, blessed them—and blessing, died. 

Nothing but flags;—yet methinks at night 
They tell each other their tales of fright; 

And dim spectres come, and their thin arms twine 
Round each standard torn, as they stand in line. 



Nothing but Flags 


114 


As the word is given—they charge, they form, 

And the dim hall rings with the battle-storm: 

And once again through the smoke and strife 
Those colors lead to a nation’s life. 

Nothing but flags ;—yet they’re bathed with tears. 
They tell of triumphs—of hopes—of fears : 

Of mothers’ prayers,—of a boy away,— 

Of a serpent crushed,—of the coming day. 

Silent they speak, and the tear will start, 

As we stand beneath them with throbbing heart, 

And think of those who are ne’er forgot;— 

Their flags come home,—why come they not ? 

Nothing but flags;—yet we hold our breath, 

And gaze with awe at those types of death. 

Nothing but flags ;—yet the thought will come, 

The heart must pray though the lips be dumb. 

They are sacred, pure, and we see no stain 
On those dear loved flags come home again ; 

Baptized in blood our purest, best, 

Tattered and torn, they’re now at rest. 

Moses Owen . 


Bunker Hill 

No shout disturbed the night, 

Before that fearful fight; 

There was no boasting high— 

No marshalling of men, 

Who ne’er might meet again— 

No cup was filled and quaffed to Victory! 



We Glory in the Spirit 


115 


No plumes were there, 

No banners fair, 

No trumpets breathed around ; 

Nor drum with startling sound 
Broke on the midnight air. 

John Neal. 


Spirit of Seventy-Six 

I glory in the sages 

Who in the days of yore, 

In combat met the foemen, 

And drove them from the shore; 
Who flung our banner’s starry field 
In triumph to the breeze, 

And spread broad maps of cities where 
Once waved the forest trees. 

Hurrah ! 

I glory in the spirit 

Which goaded them to rise, 

And form a mighty nation 
Beneath the western skies. 

No clime so bright and beautiful 
As that where sets the sun ; 

No land so fertile, fair, and free 
As that of Washington. 

Hurrah * 


George P. Morris. 



Men, High-Minded Men 


116 


True Patriotism 

What constitutes a State? 

Not high raised battlement or labored mound, 

Thick wall or moated gate; 

Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; 

Not bays and broad-armed ports, 

Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; 

Not starred and spangled courts, 

Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. 

. No: —Men, high-minded men, % 

With powers as far above dull brutes endued 
In forest, brake, or den, 

As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude— 

Men who their duties know, 

But know their rights, and, knowing, dare maintain, 
Prevent the long-aimed blow, 

And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain : 
The.se constitute a state. 

Sir William Jones . 


The Blue and the Gray 

The following beautiful poem was composed by Judge Francis Miees Finch, 
1867, to commemorate the noble action of the women of Columbus, Mississippi, 
who on Decoration Day strewed flowers alike on the graves of the Federal and 
Confederate soldiers. In pathos and beauty of sentiment it is one of the finest 
poems in the English language. The beauties of antithesis were never better 
illustrated than in this poem. Words are wedded to the sense, as will be seen 
in the solemn English forms “calleth” and “falleth.” It is certain that this 
poem “In the storm of the years that are fading’’ has done much to heal the 
wounds of both friend and foe, and to allay sectional strife. 



The Blue and the Gray 


117 


By the flow of the inland river, 

Whence the fleets of iron have fled, 
Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver, 
Asleep are the ranks of the dead,— 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day ;— 

Under the one, the Blue; 

Under the other, the Gray. 


Those, in the robings of glory, 
These, in the gloom of defeat, 

All with the battle-blood gory, 

In the dusk of eternity meet;— 
Under the sod and the dew, 
Waiting the judgment day 
Under the laurel, the Blue ; 
Under the willow, the Gray. 


From the silence of sorrowful hours 
The desolate mourners go, 
Lovingly laden with flowers 

Alike for the friend and the foe ;— 
Under the sod and the dew, 
Waiting the judgment day ;—- 
Under the roses, the Blue ; 
Under the lilies, the Gray. 


So with an equal splendor 
The morning sun-rays fall, 

With a touch, impartially tender, 

On the blossoms blooming for all;— 


n8 No More shall the War-Cry Sever 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day ;— 

’Broidered with gold, the Blue; 

Mellowed with gold, the Gray. 

So, when the summer calleth, 

On forest and field of grain, 

With an equal murmur falleth 
The cooling drip of the rain ;— 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day ;— 

Wet with the rain, the Blue j 
Wet with the rain, the Gray. 

Sadly, but not with upbraiding, 

The generous deed was done; 

In the storm of the years that are fading, 

No braver battle was won ;— 

Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day ;— 

Under the blossoms, the Blue ; 

Under the garlands, the Gray. 

N o more shall the war-cry sever, 

Or the winding rivers be red ; 

They banish our anger forever 

When they laurel the graves of our dead! 
Under the sod and the dew, 

Waiting the judgment day ;— 

Uove and tears for the Blue ; 

Tears and love for the Gray. 

F M. Finch. 


For Washington s Birthday 


119 


FLAG DRILLS, EXERCISES, ETC. 


A FI,AG DRIIA, 


A very fine exercise for the celebration of 
Memorial Day or Washington’s 4 Birth¬ 
day is the Flag Drill which may be given 
by sixteen pupils ; but twenty-six would 
-add to its effectiveness. Thirteen boys and 
thirteen girls should be chosen for the ex¬ 
ercise ; they may be dressed in Colonial 
costumes, although the simple white dress¬ 
es of the girls, and the plain clothes of the 
boys may be made sufficiently ornamental 
by the addition of sashes,—some red, some 
^ white, and some blue. The flags should 
be about 16 x 24 in size, and mounted upon 
long and slender flag-staffs. The funda¬ 
mental position of the flag in marching 
should be in front of the right shoulder—the regular military 
position of “carry arms.” 

I. The class enters upon the stage in two lines, the half 
from one side (a) and half from the other (b). The leader (boy) 
of the first seCtion wears a red sash, while the leader (girl) of 
the other seCtion wears a blue sash ; the second pupil (girl) of 
the first section wears a blue sash, the third pupil (boy) a white 
sash, and so on to the end of the line. The line entering at (a) 



Fig. 9. 




120 


Waving- the Flags 


marches to the back of the stage, along the entire length, fhen 
towards the front, thence along the entire front, and then to- 


mr 

n 


Back 


2 1 


Front 



Fig. io. 

ward the back, where the leader (i) meets the leader (2) of the 
other line. This line has entered upon the stage at (£), and with 

somewhat shorter steps has march- -- 

ed along the left side, then turn-j 
ed to the front, thence along theV 
entire front, then toward the back 
to meet the leader (1) of the first 
line. The marching song is “Yankee 
Doodle.” 

II. As partners (1) and (2) meet and 
turn to the back of the stage, the members 
of line ( b ) change flags from right to left side. 

The double line marches around the stage 
three or four times, and then, at a given sig¬ 
nal, the partners cross flags and make the cir¬ 
cuit of the stage again. Music changes to 
“Marching through Georgia.” 

III. The double lines, marching to the 
left along the back of the stage, halt at the Fig. ii. 





















121 


A Pure Strong Voice 

change of music, and face to the front. Arranged as in Fig. 12 
in quincuncial order, each line advances four or five steps di- 
redlly toward the front, the pupils holding the flags somewhat 
inclined to the front. Then by taking four or five steps back¬ 
ward—flags in front of right shoulder—the lines return to their 
former positions. 

IV. The preceding figure is repeated, except that the flags 
are held inclined to the left (Fig. 9), and when the lines reach 
the front the flags are waved as in Fig. 11. 

V. The same figure is repeated with flags held ouhyard to 
the right. Music changes to “The Red, White, and Blue.” 

Back 

n 1 

0 * * * * * f * * f * * * f 

a-:*:*:*:*:*:*:’*:*:#-:*:*;*: 


n 


Fig. 12. 

VI. Pupils in lines march backward to the back of the 
stage, and face to the right. The double line then marches 
around the stage once or twice, describing the figure oo, and 
then passes off at the left. Music changes to “When Johnny 
Comes Marching Home.” Flags are held at “carry arms.” 

When no musical instrument is available, the pupils may, 
if led by a pure strong voice, sing the songs without accompani¬ 
ment. A musical accompaniment, while very useful, is by no 
means necessary to a good marching step, which may be easily 





























122 Lively and Spirited Marching 

attained by calling the attention of the pupils to the regular ac¬ 
cent with the left foot. 

Marching 

The marching in all flag drills should be lively and spirited, 
but there should be no stamping of feet. The marching figures 
should be made to impress form upon the minds of the children, 

and may consist of simple lines, 
parallel lines, squares, circles, etc. 
The teacher, by giving a little con¬ 
sideration to the conditions invol¬ 
ved in the schoolroom or place of 
marching, may devise many very 
beautiful forms of figure marching. 

The children should be taught 
to step together, and to keep ex¬ 
actly in line. They should hold 
their heads well up, throw their 
shoulders back, and their eyes 
should look straight to the front. 

Preliminary exercises in “mark¬ 
ing time” should be given. In this 
occupation the children raise and 
lower the feet alternately without 
advancing. The left foot should 
always be raised first, all the child- 
Fig. 13. ren doing this together, then rais¬ 

ing the right foot, and so on alternately. 

It is sometimes a gocd plan to have lines marked upon the 
floor in order to guide the pupils in the various figures of the 
marches; but, in general, the simpler forms in marching will 





Simple Movements. 123 

not require permanent lines. Some of the simple forms of 
marching are : 

Indian File Marching. The pupils march in a single line 
ranged one behind another. (Fig. 15) 


Fig. 15. 

Double Rank Marching. The pupils march in two parallel 
lines, and at the turning points, the children on the inner side 
march slowly, while those in the outside rank march rather 
faster, so that after the turn the two ranks will proceed in par¬ 
allel lines. (Fig. 16) 


Fig. 16. 

Meet and Part Marching. In this figure the pupils march 
along the outside lines 1 and 2, (Fig. 17) and, when the end of 
the stage is reached, march down the inner lines 3 and 4. This 
alternate meeting and parting may be varied by the crossing and 
waving of the flags. 

1 -- 

3 

4 


Circle Marching. The pupils march in either single or 
concentric circles. 

Spiral or Snail Marching. The pupils march in single file, 
winding in lines round and round the leader. Each pupil as he 


D 

D 









124 


A Manual of Arms 


comes to position in the spiral should “mark time” and face to¬ 
ward the leader, who should stand in the center with flag raised 
high over his head. (Fig. 19) 

When all the pupils are arranged in the spiral, the last pu¬ 
pil may face toward the other end of the stage, and march to 
another point where he may become the center of a spiral. 
The other children should face in the same direction, and fol¬ 
low the last pupil, forming the spiral as before. 

A large number of very beautiful flag drills may be made 
by combining these various forms of march¬ 
ing according to the conveniences afforded 
by the stage or platform upon which the 
drill is given. 

Manual of Arms 

Some of the movements executed by 
the pupils in these drills should be as fol¬ 
lows : 

Carry Arms. The flag is held in the 
right hand, the staff resting against the 
shoulder in a nearly perpendicular posi¬ 
tion. The left hand is dropped to the side. 
Fig. 14. Order Arms. To execute this move¬ 

ment, grasp the staff of the flag by bringing the left hand across 
the body in front, then let go with the right and left together 
and bring the end of the staff sharply to the ground. 

Present Arms. The flag is held perpendicularly in front 
of the body, the left hand holding the lower end of the staff, 
while the right hand grasps the staff one foot higher up. This 
is the manual movement in token of respect, as in saluting a 
superior officer. This salute answers very well for the first 
manual movement after the class appears upon the stage. 








Manual of Drill 


125 


Right Shoulder Arms. The staff is placed on the right 
shoulder and inclined to the left about forty-five degrees. m 

Stipport Arms. Grasp the end of the staff with the right 
hand, and bring the flag to a vertical position at the left shoulder, 
the end of the staff being just below the left arm which is passed 
horizontally across the body in front; then 
let the right hand drop by the side of the 
body. 

Parade Rest. The flag is 
brought to the position of or¬ 
der arms; the top of the staff is 
then dropped into the left 
hand, while the right hand 
grasps the staff lower down. 

The pupil remains motion¬ 
less, with the left foot slightly 
advanced. 

Reverse Arms. The flag 
is reversed in position, and 
right elbow and the body at 
five degrees. 

Charge. The left foot is 
being thrown forward so that 
upon the left leg ; the end of 
firmly in the right hand, which rests upon the hip ; the left hand, 
passing across in front of the body, grasps the staff near the 
middle. At the command “Forward,” the lines advance with 
flags still held in position. 

Trail Arms. Grasp the staff with the right hand near the 
lower edge of the flag, and drop the hands to the sides. 

Other numbers in the manual of arms may be used when 
slightly modified. These are Load , Aim, Fire, Stack Arms etc., 



passes between the 
an angle of forty- 

advanced, the body 
the weight falls 
the staff is grasped 


126 


Additional Exercises 


Many simple manual exercises are available for use in flag 
drills. From these we may select the following as best suited 
for the purposes intended in such exercises: 

Additional Exercises 

Triumph. In this movement the flag is 
waved in the curve shown in Fig. n. This 
should be done as the pupils advance. 

Elevation. The flag is raised high 
above the head, the arm being held nearly 
perpendicular as in Fig. 19. 

Exultation. The flag is held at an an¬ 
gle of forty-five degrees directly to the front, 
and is then waved in a circle as in Fig. 18. 

The Arch. Two pupils extend their 
flags toward each other so that the tops of 
the flag-staffs touch. (Fig. 13) Three or 
more pupils may extend the flags in the 
same way to form the extended arch , the 
Fig. 19. cone , etc. 

Flags Left. The flag is held outward at an angle of forty- 
five degrees to the left. (Fig. 9) 

Flags Right. The flag is held at an angle of forty-five de¬ 
grees to the right. 

Cross Flags. The staffs are crossed about six inches below 
the lower edges of the flags. 

Bo-Peep Salute. The staff of the flag is brought to a hor- 
zontal position along the line of the forehead, and the edge of 
the flag droops along the left side of the face. (Fig. 14.) 

Defeat or Reverse. The flag is drooped “union down,” the 
point of the staff nearly touching the floor in front of the pupil. 





A New Flag Drill 


127 


Entrance Salute. Flag in the right hand is waved toward 
the left temple, thence across to the right side and down to the 
right foot; then back to place at the right shoulder to “carry 
arms.” 

Furl Flags. Flag in right hand with arm slightly extended ; 
furl by bringing the flag down to the left hand, and turning the 
staff rapidly between the thumb and finger of the right hand. 

Songs and Marches 

Among the songs and marches suitable for these drills and 
exercises are : “America,” “Yankee Doodle,” “The Red, White, 
and Blue,” “Marching Through Georgia,” “Hail Columbia,” 
“The Star Spangled Banner,” “Battle Hymn of the Republic,'’ 
“John Brown’s Body Dies A-Mouldering in the Grave,” “Our 
Flag is There, “Tenting To-Night,” “Freedom’s Flag,” “Flag 
of the Free—March from ‘Lohengrin’,” “The Watch on the 
Rhine,” “The Marseillaise,” “My Maryland, My Maryland,” 
“Dixie,” and “Rally Round the Flag.” 

Orders 

Some of the common orders given by the drill master are: 
Attention, Company ! Eyes to the right! Dress ! Mark time, 
mark ! Forward, march ! Right wheel! Left wheel! By 
twos, march ! Forward into line, march ! Break ranks! 


FLAG DRILL II. 

I. The pupils enter upon the stage at a and as shown in 
Fig. 10, and march in double lines until they reach the central 
line of the stage at 1, and 2 ; then they, pass down the center of 
the stage to the left end, where the two lines separate in Meet 



128 


Spiral Marching 


and Part Marching as shown in Fig. 17. The marching song’is 
‘‘John Brown’s Body Lies A-Mouldering in the Grave.” Flags 
at Right Shoulder Arms (page. 125) until the chorus, when they 
are waved in Triumph, (page 126) 

II. The pupils pass several times across the stage as in the 
preceding figure, and when the lines are parted and the leaders 
reach the right end of the stage, the command “Halt” is given. 
Pupils are then faced to the front with the command “Left Face.” 
Music changes to “Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean,” and flags 
are brought to one of the salutes, such as Present Arms (page 124) 
or Entrance Salute, (page 127) 

III. The music changes*to “The Star Spangled Banner,” 
and the flags are brought to the position Support Arms ) Carry 
Arms , and Order Arms at the proper word of command. 

IV. Music changes to “America,” and the flags are brought 
to Parade Rest, (page 125) 

V. Flags are brought to the position Carry Arms , and then 
to the Charge, (page 125) If the command “Forward” is given, 
the pupils advance to the front of the stage, and then step back¬ 
ward with flags at Carry Arms or Reverse Arms. Music, “Dixie.” 

VI. Both lines facing to the front, with flags at Carry 
Arms , the single line is formed for Circle or Snail Marching by 
the commands “Front Line, Right Face !” and “Back Line, Left 
Face ! March !” The back line falls in behind the front line> 
and the pupils march several times around the stage. Music, 
“Yankee Doodle.” 

VII. At the word of command the leader raises his flag 
high above his head (Fig. 19) while the others march in* circles 
around him, or form the spiral as shown on page 123. Music 
changes to “Rally Round the Flag.” 

VIII. Pupils wave flags in triumph, and raise them toward 
the central figure as each pupil comes to the position previously 


A Date Drill 


129 


assigned. Then the spiral unwinds, and pupils either form 
another about the other leader (page 124), or pass off the stage 
singing the “Battle Hymn of the Republic.” 


EXERCISE FOR WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY 

Ten children appear in succession upon the stage, and re¬ 
cite the lines appropriate to the dates which are shown upon 
the cards or stars which are held up before the audience. After 


1732 


Fig. 20. 

reciting his lines, the first speaker passes to the right of the 
stage; then the second stands beside him, and so on to the end. 

1732. In seventeen hundred thirty-two, 

George Washington was born ; 

Truth, goodness, skill, and glory high, 

His whole life did adorn. 

1755. In seventeen hundred fifty-five, 

He saved the remnant small 
Of those brave men whom Braddock vain, 

To sure defeat did call. 




130 


His Brow with Victory Crowned 

[^59. In seventeen hundred fifty-nine, 

Cupid, the fickle one, 

A bride unto the soldier gave :— 

Our Martha Washington. 

1775. In seventeen hundred seventy-five 

The chief command he took 
Of all the army, brave and true, 

Who ne’er his flag forsook. 

1776. In seventeen hundred seventy-six, 

While snowflakes filled the air, 

To Trenton’s victory he crossed 
The icy Delaware. 

1778. In seventeen hundred seventy-eight, 

At Valley Forge so drear, 

With hopes for Freedom’s brighter days 
His men he strove to cheer. 

1781. In seventeen hundred eighty-one, 

His brow with victory crowned, 

So brave, so wise, and full of power 
At York town he was found. 

1783. In seventeen hundred eighty-three, 

Retired to private life ; 

He saw his much-loved country free 
From battle and from strife. 

1789. In seventeen hundred eighty-nine, 

The country, with one voice, 
Proclaimed him President to shine, 
Blessed by the people’s choice. 


* 799 - 


Sonic Dates in History 13 1 

In seventeen hundred ninety-nine, 

The Nation’s tears were shed : 

To see the Patriot life resign, 

And sleep among the dead. 

All .—As “first in war, and first in peace,” 

As patriot, father, friend,— 

He will be blessed till time shall cease. 

And earthly care shall end. 


Historical Facts 

George Washington was born in Westmoreland county, 
Virginia, February 22, 1732. He was the son of Augustine and 
Mary Washington, and early acquired among his contemporaries 
that character for justice, veracity, and sterling honor, which he 
sustained through life. 

In 1753 Governor Dinwiddie sent Washington with a letter 
to the commander of the French in the Ohio valley, demanding 
the withdrawal of his forces from the country. This the French 
refused to do, and, not long afterward, war was declared. 

On July 3, 1754, occurred the fight at Great Meadows. 

Washington was appointed aid-de-camp to General Braddock, 
who was sent against the French and defeated by them July 9, 
1755 - 

Fort Duquesne was entered by Washington with a detach¬ 
ment of troops from the army of General Forbes, November 25, 
1758. A new fort was erected, and named in honor of William 
Pitt. 

On January 6, 1759, he married Mrs. Martha Custis. 

Washington was a delegate from Virginia to the first Con¬ 
tinental Congress in 1774; also to the second Congress in 1775. 



The Surrender of Cornwallis 


132 

Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Con¬ 
tinental army, and on July 3, he took command beneath the old 
elm on Cambridge green. 

Boston was evacuated by the British March 17, 1776. 

The battle of Long Island was fought August 27, 1776, and 
that of White Plains October 28, 1776. 

The victory at Trenton was achieved December 26, 177.6, 
and Princeton gained January 3, 1777. 

Two defeats followed, in the battle of Brandywine Septem¬ 
ber 11, 1777, and Germantown October 4, 1777* 

On December 11, 1777, the Continental army went into 
winter quarters at Valley Forge. 

The battle of Monmouth Court House was fought June 28, 
1778. 

Cornwallis surrendered his army to Washington, October 
19,1781. 

On November 2, 1783, Washington bade farewell to the 
army and returned to Mt. Vernon. 

Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief 
December 23, 1783. 

Washington was elected President of the United States, and 
was inaugurated April 30, 1789. In the autumn of 179a he was 
re-elected, and inaugurated the second time March 4, 1793. 

On September 17, 1796, he issued his Farewell Address to 
the people of the United States. He retired from the Presi¬ 
dency March 4, 1797. 

In 1798, during the excitement due to threatened war with 
France, Washington was appointed lieutenant general of the ar¬ 
mies of the United States. 

Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799. 
His last words were “It is well.” 

Washington’s personal appearance was entirely in keeping 



GEORGE WASHINGTON 

“That tower of strength 

Which stood four square to all the winds that blew.” 
















. - 




























\ 


\ 










I 


* 































✓ 






y 




















































































An Acrostic 


133 


with the solid grandeur of his character. No man could have 
been better formed for command. A stature somewhat exceeding 
six feet, an admirably proportioned frame, calculated to sustain 
fatigue, without the coarseness and heaviness which generally 
attend great muscular strength, displayed bodily power of a high 
standard. In the prime of life Washington stood six feet two 
inches, and weighed two hundred and twenty pounds. His eyes 
were light gray, his gaze penetrating, his forehead firm, his nose 
Roman; his mouth was peculiar of its class—the lips firm, and the 
under jaw seeming to grasp the upper with force. Washington 
had the gait and tread of a practical soldier, and his deportment 
was always grave and reserved. His speech was sparing and de¬ 
liberate; his dress characterized by scrupulous neatness. 


Acrostic I. 

This may be given by ten children, each carrying a shield or star upon which 
one letter of the name is borne. The devices and letters may vary in red, white, 
and blue. Each child repeats the line beginning with his appropriate letter. 

W is for Warren, a soldier brave and bold, 

A is for General Arnold, a traitor, I am told; 

S is for General Schuyler always foremost in the fight, 

H is for John Hancock, who stood firm for the right; 

I is for Independence, for which our soldiers fought. 

N is New York, a city, for which both armies sought 
G is General Greene, a soldier of renown; 

T stands for Trenton, an old historic town. 

0 is for “Old Putnam,” Washington’s firm friend; 

N is for the Nation, they both fought to defend. 



T 34 


That Spark of Celestial Fire 


Washington's Maxims 

On the morning of February 22, after the usual chapter, individuals in the 
school may recite some of the maxims written by Washington when only a 
youth. It is probable that these were not composed by him, but copied from 
some book, or taken down from the lips of his mother. They form an excel¬ 
lent standard of manners and morals for training in manly and honorable ways. 


i. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful 
to keep your promises. 

2: Vile words should not be spoken in jest or in earnest. 

3. Scoff at none although they give occasion. 

4. Haste not to relate news if you know not the truth 
thereof. 

5. In talking of things you have heard, name not your 
author always. 

6. Associate yourself with men of good quality if you value 
your reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad com¬ 
pany. 

7. Speak not when others speak ; sit not when others stand; 
walk not when others stop. 

8. Strive to keep alive in your breast that little spark of 
celestial fire called conscience. 

9. Read no letters, books, or papers in company. 

10. Mock not, nor jest at anything of importance. 

11. Example is more powerful than precept; wherein you 
reprove another be unblameable yourself. 

12. Never be forward, but be friendly and courteous ; the 
first to salute, hear, and answer, and not pensive when it is time 
to converse. 

13. Turn not your back to others especially when speaking. 



Disturb not the Audience 


135 


14. Think before you speak ; pronounce not imperfectly, 
nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly. 

15. Come not near the books or writings of anyone so as to 
read them unasked. 

16. Let your conversation be with¬ 
out malice or envy. 

17. Whisper not in the company of 
others. 

18. When another speaks be attent¬ 
ive yourself, and disturb not the audi¬ 
ence. 

19. Speak not evil of the absent, for 
it is unjust. 

20. Every action in company ought 
to be some sign of respect to those pres¬ 
ent. 

21. Show not yourself glad at the 
misfortune of another ; though he were 
your enemy. 

22. When a man does all he can, 

though it succeed not well, blame not Fig. 21. 

him that did it. 

23. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparage¬ 
ment of anyone. 

24. Give not advice without being asked, and when desired, 
do it briefly. 

2 5. Speak not in an unknown tongue in company, but in 
your own language. 

26. When you speak of God or his attributes, let it be se¬ 
riously in reverence. 

27. Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither ap¬ 
proach to those that speak in private. 



136 


Acrostic.—Lexington 


28. In the presence of others sing not to yourself with a 
humming noise, nor drum with your fingers or feet. 

29. Undertake not to teach your equal in the art himself 
professes : it savors of arrogancy. 

30. If you deliver anything witty and pleasant, abstain from 
laughing thereat yourself. 

31. When your superiors talk to anybody, hearken not, 
neither speak, nor laugh. 

32. One dish of meat good humor makes a feast. 

33. Never show signs of anger in reproving, but do it with 
sweetness and mildness. 

34. Let your discourse with men of business be short and 
comprehensive. 


Acrostic II. 


In this acrostic, seven little girls carry flags upon which large white letters 
are fastened. The first child appears upon the stage, and, holding the flag as in 
Fig. 9, recites the line beginning with the letter L ; she then passes to the right 
of the stage. Bach child in order takes her place to the left of the preceding 
speaker, and recites the line appropriate to her letter. At the close of the ex 
ercise they all wave their flags in triumph (Fig. 11), and repeat the words: 
“Liberty and Union, —Now and Forever.” 



rings with the word, 


Independence Day ’tis heard ; 



Hill repeats the sound, 



mgland’s power falls to the ground ; 
vigil t must triumph ! and we see 
reason fail,—it so must be ;— 


we see 



seals our Liberty. 



Soldier and Statesman 


137 


Acrostic III. 

The separate lines from Uowell’s Commemorative Ode “Under the Old Elm’ 


W 

A 

S 

H 

I 

N 

G 

T 

0 

N 


hose soul no siren passion could unsphere, 

Then nameless, now a power and mixed with fate, 
century ago he stood, 

Famed vaguely for that old fight in the wood, 
oldier and statesman, rarest unison, 
igh-poised example of great duties done, 

How art thou since renowned the Great, the Good ! 
nseparably wrought 

Into the seamless tapestry of thought; 
o more a pallid image and a dream, 

But as he dwelt with men decorously supreme; 
athering the might that warrants length of days, 
he winged years, that winnow praise and blame, 
n the long curve of patient days and nights 
Rounding a whole life to the circle fair 
Of orbed fulfilment; 

ot honored then or now because he wooed 

The popular voice, but that he still withstood ; 

Broad-minded, liigher-souled, there is but one 
Who was all this and ours, and all men’s,— 


WASHINGTON. 



I3« 


What Praise is Due? 


The separate lines from which the foregoing acrostic is made 
are taken from Lowell’s beautiful ode “Under the Old Him” 
read at Cambridge on the hundredth anniversary of Washington’s 
taking command of the American army, July 3, 1775. Although 
the lines are taken from different parts of the poem, the thought 
is continuous, and no changes have been made in the separate 
lines. This makes a beautiful exercise for advanced pupils, and 
may be given by ten young ladies. The costumes should be 
white with red and blue sashes, and the letters large and trimmed 
with flowers or leaves. 


Tributes to Washington 

To be recited on the Twenty-second of February 

Washington’s a watchword such as ne’er 
Shall sink while there’s an echo left to air. 

Byron . 

Fame stretched her wings and with her trumpet blew— 
“Great Washington is near ! What praise is due ? 

What title shall he have ?” Fame paused and said— 

“His name alone strikes every title dead.” 

William Tileston. 

Land of the West! though passing brief the record of thine age. 
Thou hast a name that darkens all on history’s wide page! 

Let all the blasts of fame ring out,—thine shall be loudest far ; 
Let others boast their satellites,—thou hast the planet star. 
Thou hast a name whose characters of light shall ne’er depart; 
’Tis stamped upon the dullest brain, and warms the coldest heart * 
A war-cry fit for any land where freedom’s to be won; 

Land of the West! it stands alone,—it is thy Washington. 

Eliza Cook . 



First in War , First in Peace 


i39 


“From the oldest general in Europe, to the greatest general 
on earth.”— Frederick the Great. 

First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
countrymen.— Henry Lee. 

Posterity will talk of Washington with reverence as the 
founder of a great empire, when my 
name shall be lost in the vortex of 
revolution. —Napoleon Bonaparte. 

It will be the duty of the historian 
and the sage, in all ages, to let no oc¬ 
casion pass of commemorating this il¬ 
lustrious man; and until time shall be > 
no more, will a test of the progress! 
which our race has made in wisdom 
and in virtue be derived from the ven¬ 
eration paid to the immortal name of 
Washington.— Brougham. 

I cannot help admiring the wis- p IG . 22 

dom and fortune of this great man. Washington’s Coat of Arms 
A character, of virtues so happily tempered by one another, and 
so wholly unalloyed by any vices, is hardly to be found on the 
pages of history.— Charles Fox. 

No arch nor column, in courtly English or courtlier Latin, 
sets forth the deeds and the worth of the Father of his Country ; 
he needs them not; the unwritten benedictions of millions cover 
all the walls. (Mt. Vernon) No gilded dome swells from the 
lowly roof to catch the morning or evening beam ; but the love 
and gratitude of united America settle upon it in one eternal 
sunshine.— Edivard Everett. 

Great father of our country ! We heed your words, we feel 
their force as if you had uttered them with lips of flesh and blood. 
Your example teaches us, your affectionate addresses teach us, 







140 


No North , No South 


your public life teaches us your sense of the value of the bless¬ 
ings of the Union. Those blessings our fathers have tasted, and 
still taste. Nor do we intend that those who come after us shall 
be denied the same high fruition. " Our honor as well as our 
happiness is concerned. We cannot, we dare not, we will not 
betray our sacred trust .—Daniel Webster. 

For othef tributes to Washington, see Hail Columbia page 
56, IV page 80, XIV page 85, XV page 86, and XXV page 89. 


MEMORIAL DAY 

No one really knows who first proposed the institution of 
Memorial Day, but since the first Decoration-day in 1868, it has 
been observed throughout the country. It is not its purpose to 
keep in mind the sorrowful conflict that were best forgotten, but 
rather to soften the bitterness of cruel strife and speak in sweet¬ 
est tones of peace and forgiveness. The day should be observed 
with suitable exercises, and may be made a fruitful source of 
benefit in arousing the highest sentiments of faithfulness to duty 
and patriotic devotion. There may be some who would prefer 
to keep alive the passions and prejudices aroused during that 
time of terrible conflict; but the great mass of the people have 
hearts and feelings, and await the dawning of that era when with 
one acclaim they may say : “There is no North, no South, no 
East, no West; but one common country, the Union forever.” 

The exercises suitable for other patriotic days, full of cheery 
demonstration, assertive declarations of national glory, and songs 
of joy, will not accomplish what we desire ; the heart should be 
touched with sorrow tor the dead and sympathy for the living. 
Some appropriate exercises and selections are here given. 



In Spirit as Brave as the Best 


141 


Drafted 

A MEMORIAL DAY POEM 

What ? Drafted ? My Harry ! 

Why, man, ’tis a boy at his books! 

No taller, I’m sure, than your Annie ; 

As delicate, too, in his looks. 

Why it seems but a day since he helped me. 
Girl-like, in my kitchen, at tasks. 

He drafted ? Great God ! Can it be 

That our President knows what he asks? 

He never could wrestle, this boy, 

Though in spirit as brave as the best; 
Narrow-chested, a little, you notice, 

Like him who has long been at rest. 

Too slender for over-much study; 

Why his teacher has made him to-day 
Go out with his ball on the common: 

And you’ve drafted a child at his play ! 

“Not a patriot?” Fie ! Did I whimper 
When Robert stood up with his gun, 

And the hero-blood chafed in his forehead, 

The evening we heard of Bull Run ? 

Pointing his finger at Harry, 

But turning his face to the wall, 

“There’s a staff growing up for your age, Mother,” 
Said Robert, “if I am to fall.” 


142 


My Ploughshares are Beaten to Swords 


“Eighteen?” Oh, I know—and yet narrowly— 
Just a wee babe on the day 
When his father got up from his sick bed, 

And cast his last ballot for Clay. 

Proud of his boy and his ticket, said he, 

“A new morsel of fame 
We’ll lay on the candidate’s altar”; 

And christened the child with that name. 

Oh, what have I done, a weak woman ? 

In what have I meddled with harm— 
Troubling God only for sunshine 

And rain, on iny rough little farm— 

That my ploughshares are beaten to swords 
And sharpened before my eyes, 

That my tears must cleanse a foul nation, 

My lamb be a sacrifice? 

Oh, I know there’s a country to save, man, 
And ’tis true there is no appeal; 

But did God see my boy’s name lying 
The uppermost one in the wheel ? 

Five stalwart sons has my neighbor, 

And never the lot upon one! 

Are these things Fortune’s caprices, 

Or is it God’s will that is done ? 

Are the others too precious for resting 
Where Robert is taking his rest, 

With the pictured face of young Annie, 

Eying over the rent in his breast ? 


That Generous Host 143 

Too tender for parting with sweethearts ? 

Too fair to be crippled or scarred? 

My boy ! Thank God for these tears— 

I was growing so bitter and hard ! 

Now read me a page from the Book, Harry, 

That goes in your knapsack to-night— 

Of the Eye that sees when the sparrow 
Grows weary and falters in flight. 

Talk of something that’s nobler than living ; 

Of a hove that is higher than mine ; 

And a Faith that has planted its banners 
Where the heavenly camp-fires shine. 

Talk of Someone who tenderly watches, 

While the shadows glide down the yard, 

Who will go with my soldier to battle— 

And stand with my picket on guard. 

Spirits of loving and lost ones ! 

Watch softly o’er Harry to-night— 

For to-morrow he goes forth to battle ! 

Arm him for Freedom and Right. 

Anonymous. 


They Are Not Dead 

Oh, tell me not that they are dead—that generous host, that 
airy army of invisible heroes ! They hover as a cloud of wit¬ 
nesses above this nation. Are they dead that yet speak louder 
than we can speak, and a more universal language ? Are they 
dead that yet act ? Are they dead that yet move upon society 



144 


Nature Knows No Wilderness 


and inspire the people with nobler minds and more heroic pat¬ 
riotism ? 

Every mountain and hill shall have its treasured name, every 
river shall keep some solemn title, every valley and every lake 
shall cherish its honored register; and till the mountains are 
worn out, and the rivers forget to flow—till the clouds are weary 
of replenishing springs, and the springs forget to gush, and the 
rills to sing, shall their names be kept fresh with reverent honors 
which are inscribed upon the book of National Remembrance ! 

Henry Ward Beecher . 


‘'Missing’ * 

But ah ! the graves which no man names or knows ; 
Uncounted graves, which never can be found ; 
Graves of the precious “missing,” where no sound 
Of tender weeping will be heard, where goes 
No loving step of kindred. Oh, how flows 

And yearns our thought to them ! More holy ground 
Of graves than this, we say, is that whose bound 
Is secret till Eternity disclose 
Its sign. 

But Nature knows no wilderness: 

There are no “missing” in her numbered ways; 

In her great heart is no forgetfulness; 

Each grave she keeps she will adorn, caress. 

We cannot lay such wreaths as Summer lays, 

And all her days are Decoration Days! 

Helen Hunt Jackson. 



Sectionalism was Surrenaered at Appomattox 145 


Speech to Confederate Veterans 

Canton, October 10, 1896. 

Patriotism is not bound by State or class or sectional lines. 
We have but one flag, the glorious stars and stripes, which all 
of us love so well, and which we mean to transmit in honor and 
glory to our children, North and South. 

Sectionalism was surrendered at Appomattox, and the years 
that have followed have removed whatever lingering resistance 
there remained. Indeed, if anything were needed to destroy 
it utterly and effectually, it has been furnished in the events of 
the contest now upon us for the honor of the American name 
and that permanent peace which was the dying prayer of the 
great captain of our armies, Ulysses S. Grant. 

The spirit of a fervent Americanism is abroad in the land, 
and no more earnest or sincere is the sentiment in the North 
than in the South. The words of your veterans’ legion, borne 
on your breasts to-day, “No North, no South ; no East, no West; 
the Union forever,” sound forth like a bugle note calling patriots 
together, and are an expression of the purpose of the American 
people, both North and South, proclaiming liberty, union, and 
honor as the high aim of every survivor of the great war on- 
either side, and of every patriot in the country. 

The inspiring and unconquerable sentiment of this cam¬ 
paign is, “Country first, country last, and country with stainless 
honor all the time.” The voice of the misguided partisan is 
not heeded; the voice of patriotism strikes a responsive chord ; 
the voice of prejudice and hate is lost in the grand chorus of 
peace and good will, national unity, and national integrity. 


146 The Bloody Pathway of the War 

No stronger evidence, no other testimony is required to 
prove that sectional lines are obliterated and that the war has 
long been over, than the presence, to-day, of this large assemblage 
of ex-Confederate soldiers, traveling from the valley of the Shen¬ 
andoah in Virginia, which marked the bloody pathway of the 
war, to testify their devotion to the unbroken and never-to-be- 
broken Union, and their purpose to uphold its credit and honor 
forever. Their presence here betokens a new departure. It is 
an inspiring and uplifting scene; it lifts us above the plane of 
mere partisanship. The citizens who fought against you are 
here to give you a hearty and hospitable welcome, marching side 
by side with you under the same flag. No longer have they 
arms in their hands, but love and respect for each other in their 
hearts. It is a spectacle which our eyes have longed to see, 
North and South; a consummation devoutly wished for and prayed 
for ; and for which, sensible as I am of its import, I cannot find 
words to give my gratitude suitable expression. 

Men, who were engaged in a deadly conflict against each 
other thirty-one years ago, now stand on a common platform of 
fraternity and union, vying with each other in joyous rivalry in 
their loyalty to the glorious stars and stripes ; meeting not as 
enemies, but as friends fighting for the same cause,—the holiest 
cause which ever engaged mankind : the glorious cause of coun¬ 
try, and its spotless honor. 

“No longer from its brazen portals, 

The blasts of war’s great organ shake the skies, 
But beautiful as songs of the immortals, 

The holy melodies of love arise.” 

I think I may be pardoned if I say that I have great pride 
and gratification in this call of ex-Confederate soldiers. It has 


A New and Blessed Era 


147 


touched my heart profour dly. I regard it as another and most 
significant assurance that complete reconciliation has come, and 
that the South and North, as in the early lifetime of the repub¬ 
lic, are again together in heart as well as name. It is an ex¬ 
ample of patriotic devotion which might well be emulated by 
those who would array one part of the couutry against the other. 

Let no discordant notes grate upon this melody of peace. 
Let it go forth, let it be everywhere proclaimed that the men of 
the North and the men of the South stand for the environment 
of justice and the supremacy of law. The voice that would re¬ 
open the conflicts of the past and the bitterness of thirty years 
ago, that would array class against class or section against sec¬ 
tion, is not a friend, but an enemy of our glorious Union, and 
stands in the pathway of its glorious progress. 

Men of the South, the only force now needed in this free 
government is that of conscience, justice, reason, and intelligence. 
This is an irresistable power upon which rests our strength, se¬ 
curity, permanency, and glory. We have entered upon a new 
and blessed era; we have crossed the dominion of force into the 
kingdom of peace and law and mutual good will. Faith in each 
other, faith in a common country ; faith in the future and a com¬ 
mon destiny has made us one—forever one. We have learned 

“Peace and greatness best become, 

Calm power doth guide, 

With a far more imperious stateliness 
Than all the swords of violence can do, 

And easier gains those ends she tends unto.” 

This is my message to the grim survivors of that mighty 
war, of both sides. This is the spirit that I would have carried 
into the practical every-day administration, and fill the hearts 
of the American people. William McKinley . 


148 


Oh , Slow to Smite and Swift to Spare 

ABRAHAM I,INCOI,N* 

Oh, slow to smite and swift to spare, 

Gentle and merciful and just! 

Who, in the fear of God, didst bear 
The sword of power—a nation’s trust. 

In sorrow by thy bier we stand, 

Amid the awe that hushes all, 

And speak the anguish of a land 
That shook with horror at thy fall. 

Thy task is done—the bond are free ; 

We bear thee to an honored grave, 

Whose noblest monument shall be 
The broken fetters of the slave. 

Pure was thy life ; its bloody close 

Hath placed thee with the sons of light, 

Among the noble host of those 

Who perished in the cause of right. 

William Cullen Bryant. 


Acrostic IV. 

Lifting the burden of Civil War’s strife, 

In the midst of his victory giving his life ;— 
Never, so long as our country’s flag waves, 

Can we forget what he did for the slaves: 

Out of the darkness of bondage they came, 
Leaving behind them its burdens and shame, 
None save with blessings our Lincoln can name. 


f Bryant’s poem, by permission of D. Appleton & Co. 





ABRAHAM LINCOLN 

“With malice towards none, with charity for all. 






















His Grand Old Wisdom of Sincerity 


149 


Historical Facts 

Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United 
States, was born in Hardin (now Larue) county, Kentucky, 
February 12, 1809. His ancestors went from Berks county, 
Pennsylvania, to Rockingham county, Virginia, whence his 
grandparents moved to Kentucky about 1781. His father was 
Thomas Lincoln, who married Nancy Hanks in 1806. Her son 
Abraham preserved through life that sterling honesty that made 
him the most remarkable product of American life. His grand 
old wisdom of sincerity made him “the first American.” History 
must accord him high honor in guiding a great nation through 
the perils of a mighty revolution. 

In 1818 Lincoln experienced a bitter and irreparable loss 
in the death of his mother. To her influence he was indebted 
for the development of those rare and noble traits of character 
which have given him a spotless and enduring fame. 

Lincoln’s books in boyhood were the Bible, Pilgrim’s 
Progress, iEsop’s Fables, Robinson Crusoe, Weem’s Life of 
Washington, and a History of the United States. As a boy he 
was so situated that he received almost no school instruction. 

In 1825 h e was employed at six dollars a month to manage 
a ferry across the Ohio at Anderson’s creek. 

In 1830, the family having removed to Illinois, he helped 
in the clearing of fifteen acres of land, and split the rails for 
fencing the farm. In after years this was made the source of 
the rail-splitting figures of the great election in i860. “Honest 
old Abe” was a familiar watchword in the midst of a time when 
there was an almost universal conviction that a great crisis had 
been reached. 

He was a “bow hand” on a flatboat, and took a cargo of pro- 


15 ° A Protest against Slavery . 

duce to New Orleans in 1828; and in 1831 he made a similar 
journey with a merchant’s cargo to the same city. Here he, for 
the first time, saw slaves chained and scourged ; and from this 
time dates his utter detestation of slavery. 

In 1832, on the breaking out of the Black Hawk war, 
Lincoln enlisted as a private in a company of volunteers or¬ 
ganized for the defense of the frontier settlements. He was at 
once chosen captain. 

Lincoln was elected to the legisture of Illinois in 1834, and 
again in 1836, 1838, and 1840. 

In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and soon opened an 
office in Springfield. He displayed great ability in jury trials 

In 1837 he entered a strong protest against resolutions fa¬ 
voring slavery, passed by the legislature. In the language of 
the protest he believed “that the institution of slavery is founded 
in injustice and bad policy. 

On November 4, 1842, he married Mary, daughter of Robert 
S. Todd of Lexington, Kentucky. 

In 1846 he was elected to Congress by a majority of 1500 
over the Rev. Peter Cartwright, and was the only Whig rep¬ 
resentative from Illinois in the Thirtieth Congress. He de¬ 
nounced the war with Mexico as unjust. 

In 1848 his first speech in Congress was made in favor of 
the famous “spot resolutions” which he had introduced. These 
called upon President Polk to designate the spot where alleged 
outrages had been committed upon American citizens. 

In January, 1849, introduced a bill for the abolishing of 
slavery in the District of Columbia. During the whole time 
that he was in Congress, he gave his voice uniformly in favor of 
freedom. 

In 1858 Lincoln was a candidate for the Senate of the United 
States, and entered into joint debate with his opponent Stephen 


Secession of South Carolina 


151 

A. Douglas. Although unsuccessful in the contest for the Sen¬ 
ate, he was acknowledged to have had the best of the argument, 
and he forced from his opponent statements which afterwards 
defeated Douglas in his contest for the presidency. In accept¬ 
ing the nomination to the Senate he said : “A house divided 
against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot 
endure permanently half slave and half free.” 

On May 18, i860, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the 
presidency at Chicago by the Republican party. The election 
held on November 6, gave him the highest office in the gift of 
the nation. 

On December 20, i860, South Carolina passed the ordi¬ 
nance of secession, the fulfillment of a settled and long-cherished 
purpose. Following the example thus set, Mississippi passed an 
ordinance of secession January 9, 1861; Florida, January 10; 
Alabama, January 11; Georgia, January 19; Louisiana, January 
26; and Texas, February 1. On February 9, the new Confederacy 
elected Jefferson Davis president, and Alexander H. Stephens 
vice-president. Thus, more than a month before the inaugura¬ 
tion of Lincoln, seven states had done all that lay in their power 
to dissolve the union. 

In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, he said : “I hold 
that, in contemplation of universal law and of the constitution, 
the union of these states is perpetual.” In his parting with his 
friends at Springfield February 11, 1861, he had shown his stern 
appreciation of the difficulty of the task to which he had been 
called : “A duty devolves upon me which is, perhaps, greater 
than that which has devolved upon any other man since the 
days of Washington.” 

On April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75000 volunteers; and, 
on May 3, for 42000 to serve for three years. To our minister 
in England his message was: “You may even assure them that 


152 The Loss of Ft . Sumter Unites the North 

if they determine to recognize the Confederacy, they may at the 
same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this 
republic.” 

Fort Sumter was fired upon by the Confederates on April 
12, 1861, and was evacuated by Major Anderson and the United 
States garrison, after a gallant resistance, on the morning of 
April 14. This was the first great aggressive act, and united all 
parties in the North, for a time, in earnest support of the gov¬ 
ernment. “It is a consolation to know,” observed the Tribune 
of New York, “that in losing Sumter we have gained a united 
people.” 

Virginia passed the ordinance of secession April 17, 1861 ; 
Arkansas, May 6, 1861; Tennessee, May 6, 1861 ; and North Caro¬ 
lina, May 20, 1861. 

The battle of Bull Run was lost on July 21, 1861. 

General McClellan defeated General Robert E. Eee at An- 
tietain September 16 and 17, 1862. 

A conditional proclamation of the emancipation of the 
slaves in the states engaged in the rebellion was issued by Pres- 
dent Eincoln September 22, 1862. This was followed, January 
1, 1863, by the direct Emancipation Proclamation so famous in 
history. 

At Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville the Federals were 
defeated December 13, 1862, and May 3, 1863, respectively. 

The tide was turned at Gettysburg July 1, 2, and 3, 1863, 
by the victorious troops of General Meade. 

Vicksburg was surrendered to General U. S. Grant July 4, 
1863. 

March 1, 1864, President Eincoln appointed U. S. Grant 
lieutenant-general of the armies of the United States. 

In November, 1864, Eincoln was re-elected to the presi¬ 
dency with an overwhelming majority in the electoral college. 


Now He belongs to the Ages 


i53 


Richmond was evacuated by General Lee April 3, 1865^ 
and the Confederacy tottered to its fall. 

General Lee surrendered his forces to General Grant at 
Appomattox on April 9, 1865. General Johnston surrendered 
to General Sherman on the 17th of the same month. 

In the very hour of his triumph Abraham Lincoln met his 
death at the hands of an actor, John Wilkes Booth. The 
words uttered by the assassin as he leaped upon the stage of the 
theatre were in no sense appropriate : “Sic semper tyraimis "— 
“Ever thus to tyrants”—the motto of Virginia. As the assas¬ 
sin leaped over the railing upon the stage, his spur caught in 
the flag draped over the front of the box which the President 
occupied. “Old Glory,” in mute protest, seemed to avenge the 
deed of this dark hour in our country’s history. 


Tributes to Lincoln 

Now he belongs to the ages.— Edwin M. Stanton. 

Lincoln, an honest man ; he abolished slavery, re-established 
the Union, and saved the Republic without veiling the statue of 
Liberty.— Inscription on the Medal presented to Mrs. Lincoln. 

If France possessed the liberty enjoyed by republican Amer¬ 
ica, we would number with us not merely thousands, but millions 
of the admirers of Lincoln, and of the partisans of those opinions 
to which he devoted his life, and which are consecrated by his 
death.— Committee of French Citizens. 

On April 15, 1865, the day °f President Lincoln’s death, an 
excited throng was gathered in front of the Merchants’ Ex¬ 
change in New York City. While the people were demanding 
vengeance upon certain newspapers for utterances considered 



154 God Reigns , and the Government Lives! 

treasonable, James A. Garfield stepped forward and said in a 
clear, impressive voice: “Fellow-citizens:—Clouds and dark¬ 
ness are round about Him. His pavilion is dark waters and 
thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the es¬ 
tablishment of His throne. Mercy and truth go before His 
face. God reigns, and the government at Washington still 
lives.” The effect was instantaneous. The crowd listened, be¬ 
came calm, and quietly dispersed. 

Never before that startled April morning did such multi¬ 
tudes of men shed tears for the death of one they had never 
seen, as if with him a friendly presence had been taken away 
from their lives, leaving them colder and darker. Never was 
funeral panegyric so eloquent as the silent look of sympathy 
which strangers exchanged when they met on that day. Their 
common manhood had lost a kinsman .—LozvelL 

Lincoln presented an extraordinary combination of mental 
and moral qualities. As a statesman he had the loftiest ideal, 
and it fell to his lot to inaugurate measures which changed the 
fate of millions of living men, of tens of millions yet to be born. 
As a manager of political issues and master of the art of present¬ 
ing them, he has had no rival in this country, unless one be 
found in Jefferson .—-James G. Blaine . 


EXERCISE IN THE HISTORY OF THE FLAG 

An exercise may be given in which the pupils appear upon 
the stage with the various flags, and tell the history of each ban¬ 
ner. The facts here set forth may be adapted to the power of 
each child to commit them to memory, and a very young pupil 
should only be required to state a few of the more important of 
the facts concerning the flag which he carries. 



A Banner of Old England 


155 


The Color Bearers 


Bearer of St. George’s Cross 



I. I come before you bearing the “Cross of St. George” 
which was the flag flown from the masthead of the Mayflower. 
This banner of the Old England they so dearly loved was a 
sacred emblem to the Pilgrims, 
and served to join them in 
thought to their old home so far 
away beyond the broad ocean. 

Once Endicott, the Puritan gov¬ 
ernor of Massachusetts, cut the 
cross out of the banner to show 
his hatred of Romanism. Many 
times the colonists tried to sub¬ 
stitute a rose, a tree, or some 
other device, but at last they 
were compelled to adopt the flag 
of the mother country. It was not until tyranny of the king 
became unbearable that new flags were used. The colonists 
failed to move the king and his ministers from their career of 
reckless obstinacy, and were forced to choose between abject 
submission to tyranny or armed resistance to their royal master. 
Then the electric words of Patrick Henry flashed throughout 
the country, “We must fight! An appeal to arms and to the 
God of Hosts is all that is left us. I repeat it, sir, we must 
fight!” Soon the blood of the patriots flowed freely on many a 
hard fought field until all hope of reconciliation with the mother 
country was at an end, and national independence was secured. 


Fig. 23. 

Sr. George’s Cross 











156 


The Flag of Bunker Hill 


The coercive measures adopted by the king produced their 
natural result: the glory” of the British empire waned, and the 
sun of liberty arose. 



Fig. 24. Fig. 25. 


Bunker Hiee Feag (Red) Pine Tree Feag (White Field) 


Bearer of the Red Flag 


II. When the tyranny of England could be no longer 
borne, the colonists began to show their defiance by hoisting 


the red flag at many 
1768, a large red flag 
erty pole, and the peo- 
and clear the country of 
bull’s celebrated picture 
Hill has Colonel Pres¬ 
under a red flag in which 
was white and contained 
best authorities agree 
to the breeze at Bunker 



places. At Boston, in 
was hoisted upon a lib- 
pie were urged to arise 
the oppressors. Trum- 
of the Battle of Bunker 
cott’s troops marshalled 
the upper inner square 
a green pine-tree. The 
that the first flag flung 
Hill was red. This was 


Fig. 26. 

the symbol of defiance ; and when Prescott’s men marched forth 
that starlit night from Boston toward the dark heights of Bunker 


















157 


The Pine Tree Flag 

Hill to defy the British legions, they chose the red flag, and that 
meant war. The question regarding the flag used at Bunker 
Hill is unsettled, since contemporary writers are silent on the 



Fig. 27. Fig. 28. 

Pink Trkk Fkag (White Field) Ft. Moultrie; Flag (Blue) 


subject. Some have claimed that the field was blue as in the 
New England flag. A flag unfurled by Putnam July 18, 1775, 
had on one side the words, “An Appeal to Heaven” and on the 
other “Qui transtulit, snstinet ”—“He who planted will sustain.” 

Bearer of the Pine Tree Flag 

III. The famous Pine Tree flag was in use during 1775 as 
an ensign. The flag was white, with a green pine tree in the 
middle, and the motto : “An Appeal to Heaven.” The pine 
tree was a fitting type of the sturdy people of New England. 
This was the first ensign shown by a regular American man-of- 
war, (Fig. 27), and was raised on board the Alfred , in the Del¬ 
aware, in December, 1775, by John Paul Jones, a lieutenant un¬ 
der Commodore Hopkins. In a letter written by Colonel Reed 
October 20, 1775, these words occur, “Please to fix some particu- 















158 


Sergeant Jasper and the Crescent Flag 


lar color for a flag, and a signal by which our vessels may know 
one another. What do you think of a flag with a white ground, 
a tree in the middle, the motto 4 Appeal to Heaved ?” 



Fig. 29. 


Fig. 30. 


Rattlesnake Flag 


Culpepper Flag 


Bearer of the Fort Moultrie Flag 


IV. The first Republican flag unfurled in the southern 
states was blue, with a white crescent in the upper corner next 
to the staff. It was designed by Colonel William Moultrie, and 
was raised on the fortifications of Charleston in September, 1775. 
At the time there was no national flag; and the design was taken 
from the blue of the soldiers’ uniforms and the silver crescents 
on the front of their caps. (Fig. 28) The flag displayed on one 
of the bastions of Fort Sullivan (Moultrie) on June 28,1776, was 
the same, with the word “liberty” added. At the commence¬ 
ment of the action, the Crescent flag of South Carolina, that 
waved opposite the Grand Union flag upon the western bastion, 
fell outside upon the beach. Sergeant William Jasper leaped 
the parapet, walked the length of the fort, picked up the flag, 














\Join or Die!” 


159 


fastened it upon a sponge staff, and fixed the flag firmly upon 
the bastion, amid the iron hail pouring upon the fortress. Three 
cheers greeted him as he leaped unhurt within the fort. Gov¬ 
ernor Rutledge presented Jasper his own handsome small sword 
which hung by his side, and thanked him in the name of his 
country. He offered the young hero a lieutenant’s commis¬ 
sion, but he modestly refused, saying, “I am not fit to keep of¬ 
ficers’ company ; I am but a sergeant.” t 

At the Spring Hill redoubt at Savannah, October 9, 1779, 
Sergeant Jasper, while planting the crescent flag upon the para¬ 
pet of the British works, fell pierced by a rifle ball. 



Rattlesnake Flag 


Bearer of the Rattlesnake Flag 

A favorite device with the colonists during the excitement 
over the Stamp Act was a serpent cut in ten pieces, with the in¬ 
scription “Join or die!” or “Unite or die!” The newspapers of 
the day placed this significant design at the head of their col¬ 
umns. The rattlesnake was considered an emblem of vigilance, 
true courage, and magnanimity, because, while it is not quarrel- 




i6o 


The Cambridge Flag 


some, it quickly resents oppression. It never gives its small but 
deadly wound without first shaking its rattles as a signal that it 
is about to strike. 

The rattlesnake flags were probably suggested by the cuts 
displayed in the newspapers, and were of several kinds. One in 
use in the navy was a yellow ensign bearing the device of a rat¬ 
tlesnake in the attitude of striking, with the motto, “Don’t Tread 
on Me.” The snake was represented, generally, with thirteen 
rattles; sometimes it was coiled around the base of the pine tree, 
and sometimes placed diagonally across the field of thirteen alter¬ 
nate red and white or red and blue stripes. '"Fig. 31) 



Fig. 32. A Fig. 32. B 


Bearer of the Grand Union Frag 

After the devices of the palmetto, the pine tree, and the rat¬ 
tlesnake, the next step in the evolution of the flag was the “Grand 
Union” flag. This was the result of a conference between Dr. 
Franklin, Mr. Uynch, and Mr. Harrison, who were chosen to se¬ 
lect some device for a common national flag. The flag was 
hoisted for the first time over Washington’s camp at Cambridge, 
January 2, 1776. The colors were red, white, and blue, and 











































i6i 


The First “Old Glory 1 

there were thirteen stripes as in the flag to-day, but the field was 
not yet spangled with stars. The blue field carried the united 
crosses of St. George and St. Andrew instead of the white five- 
pointed stars. The king’s colors, or Union Jack, meant the yet 
recognized sovereignty of England, while the thirteen stripes, 
alternate red and white, were emblematic of the colonies united 
against the tyranny and oppression of England. This has some¬ 
times been called the Cambridge Flag. 

Bearer of the Frag of 1777 

Nearly a year after the Declaration of Independence, the 
first national legislation 011 the subject was enacted by Congress 
June 14, 1777, as follows: “Resolved, That the flag of the 
thirteen united states be thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue field, 
representing a new constellation.” (Fig. 32 B) As to the origin 
of the stripes in the flag, the theories advanced are very inter¬ 
esting. It has been suggested that the stripes were originally 
drawn from the flag of the Netherlands. The Dutch flag con¬ 
sisted of three broad horizontal stripes,—red, white, and blue. 

The coat of arms given to one of Washington’s ancestors by 
Henry VIII, showed a white shield with red stripes, (Fig. 22), 
and this is by some thought to be the origin of the flag. 
Washington and Morris called upon Mrs. Betsey Ross of Phila¬ 
delphia, and engaged her to make the flag from a crude pencil 
drawing. She suggested changes in the form of the stars, and, 
deftly folding a piece of paper, showed the gentlemen how a 
perfect five-pointed star could be made with a single clip of the 
scissors. Here is Betsey now, and she will show you how to 
do it. (See Figs. 39, 40, etc.) 

(A little girl comes upon the st:ge, and folds and cuts the star.) 


The Star-Spangled Banner 


162 



Fig. 32. C 


Bearer of the Flag of 1812 (1794) 

When Vermont was admitted to the sisterhood of the states 
in 1791, followed by Kentucky in 1792, Congress voted that the 
flag should have fifteen stripes and fifteen stars. (Fig. 32 C) 
This flag was carried during the War of 1812, and was the “star- 
spangled banner” which was seen catching “the gleam of the 
morning’s first beam” over the ramparts of Ft. McHenry. The 
red meant, indeed, defiance and valor; the blue eternal vigilance; 
and the white, purity and peace with honor. 

Bearer of the Flag of 1818 

Influenced by reverence for the flag of the Revolution, and 
by the fact that increase in the number of the stripes tended to 
destroy the beauty of the flag, Congress ordered a return to 
the original thirteen stripes, and an increase of the number of 
stars to twenty. Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, and Mis¬ 
sissippi had been added to the constellation. It was also voted 


























The Flag of To-Day 


163 


Fig. 32. D Fig. 32. E 

that a new star should be added to the flag on the Fourth of 
July next succeeding the admission of a new state. (Fig. 32 D) 




Bearer of the Flag of 1897 (“Old Glory”) 

To-day I bring you the beautiful flag of our glorious repub¬ 
lic. It has forty-five stars, each one representing a noble state. 
Our banner stands for freedom to all, and has a glorious record 
in all the years of the past. Eet us, oh my fellow-pupils, see 
that we preserve undimmed its glories which our fathers have 
placed in our care. On many a hard-fought field, brave soldiers 
have borne this tattered old banner thrpugh clouds of cannon- 
smoke to victory. There is more than history in the emblem. 
Floating in tlie breeze, it means more than mere glory. The old 
Roman soldiers guarded their standards with religious venera¬ 
tion, and their reverence for their ensigns was a just measure of 
their bravery in battle. Our own interest in flags must center 
in the evolution and meaning of our own bright banner. 

(All the Color Bearers gather in a group around “Old Glory,” (Fig 32 E), 
and the school sings “The Star-spangled Banner.”) 










































164 


Our Grand Old Banner 


Our Flag 

Three little children appear upon the stage, each child wear¬ 
ing a sash of tissue paper of the appropriate color. The sash 
should be worn over the right shoulder, and tied at the waist 
under the left arm. Sashes of bunting or of silk give a more 


beautiful effect. 

Each child carries a small flag. 

All 

We wear to-day the colors 

To which our hearts are true ; 

We wave them now above us, 

The Red, the White, the Blue. 

Red 

Red, like the rays of morning 

When comes the dawn’s first gleam, 

Within our glorious banner 

Seven brilliant stripes are seen. 

White 

Pure as the snowflakes falling 

Upon the mountain side, 

Amid the streaks of crimson 

Six stripes of white abide. 

Blue 

And, as the sky at evening 

Enfolds the stars of night, 

The blue field of “Old Glory” 

Bears all its stars of white. 

All 

Give we our grand old banner 

The honor that is due 

To Freedom’s sacred emblem, 

The Red, the White, the Blue.— M. 


IVe cannot Consecrate this Field 


165 


Lincoln at Gettysburg 

We cannot consecrate this field* 

Or hallow ground where heroes stood ; 

Thus spoke the man whose words have sealed 
Our lips in Freedom’s Holy Rood. 

We cannot dedicate. Too well 

Our Lincoln knew the Temple’s cost, 

He heard the nation’s anthem swell: 

Your deeds survive, our words are lost. 

The brave men living and the dead, 

Who wrought the epoch of the free, 

Have consecrated here, he said, 

The land, the world, to liberty. 

Ay, Gettysburg, thy name at last 
Proclaims the triumph of the race ; 

’Tis here the future greets the past, 

And faith asserts her crowning grace. 

No other battlefield like thine, 

Where love joins hands across the way, 

One flag, one land, a sacred shrine 
Alike unto the Blue and Gray. 

Then rear the graven shaft with pride 
Along the line where Freedom’s van 

Shall speak to generations wide 
The final victory of man : 

That love and law will reign supreme 
Where’er the starry banner waves, 

When stones that now in sunlight gleam 
Shall lie in dust above their graves. 

Wallace Bruce . 


i66 


The Man is Grander than the King 

Washington at Newburgh 

From Wallace Bruce’s poem, “The Long Drama,” recited by the author at 
the Centennial of the disbanding of the army by Washington, at Newburgh. 

Serene and calm in peril’s hour, 

An honest man without pretense, 

He stands supreme to teach the power 
And brilliancy of common-sense. 

Alike disdaining fraud and art, 

He blended love with stern command ; 

He bore his country in his heart, 

He held his army by the hand. 

Hush ! carping critic, read aright 
The record of his fair renown : 

A leader by diviner right 

Than he who wore the British crown. 

With silvered locks and eyes grown dim, 

As victory’s sun proclaimed the morn, 

He pushed aside the diadem 

With stern rebuke and patriot scorn. 

He quells the half-paid mutineers, 

And binds them closer to the cause; 

His presence turns their wrath to tears, 

Their muttered threats to loud applause. 

The great Republic had its birth 
That hour beneath the army’s wing, 

Whose leader taught by native worth 
The man is grander than the king. 

The stars on that bright azure field, 

Which proudly wave o’er land and sea, 

Were fitly taken from his shield 

To be our common heraldry.— Wallace Bruce . 


“Old Glory in the Schoolroom ’ 


167 


HOW JOHNNY CUT THE STAR 

The teacher in room No. 3 was ever ready to invent some 
way for making the work in the school of increasing value to the 
children. They had been folding a large number of beautiful 
forms from the red, white, and blue squares; and, while the lit¬ 
tle hands had been learning how to fold the papers deftly, and 
many a lesson in patience had been given, the climax of the 
work was yet to come. The teacher had hinted that the beautiful 
foldings were but parts of a much more beautiful unit, or whole y 
which they were to make by combining the best foldings that 





W 

— 7 

/ 

► 

\ 

/ 

'' 

i 

/ 


k 

\ 

\ 

_i 


each child could make. Even careless Susie and impatient 
Harry had made some very good foldings of the paper squares. 
Tittle Tommy, whose hands at the first were none too clean, now 
came with unchallenged fingers to fold the whitest and neatest 
forms of beauty. The children were not a little mystified con¬ 
cerning the numbers of folded squares they had made. Why 
should they make 122 red squares, like Fig. 33, and 108 white 
squares like Fig. 34, while only fifty-six blue squares were folded 
like Fig. 35 ? 

But the day came at last when the mystery was solved. 









































i68 


Scissors from Mother s Workbox 



The teacher brought to the schoolroom a large sheet of inanilla 
paper twenty-six inches wide and forty-four inches long. Some 
strong glue and a few brushes were obtained, and the children 
were allowed to paste the blue 
squares upon the paper at the up¬ 
per left corner in seven rows of 
eight squares each. Then a 
stripe of red, extending along the 
upper side, was made of fourteen 
red squares. A similar stripe of 
white was made of as many ^ IG - 36- 
white squares, and this was continued in 
alternation until seven short stripes were 
finished. “Old Glory” was rising before 
the children’s eyes, ere the first long white 
stripe of twenty-two squares was reached, 
and made to extend across the paper along 
the field of blue. Before the last long red 
stripe was finished, the little flaginakers 
were wild with delight. A strong cord was Fig. 37. 

passed through the left edge of the paper, and the flag was 
nearly finished. “We must make some white stars,” said the 
teacher, as the school was dismissed for the 
day. 

Tittle Johnny went home wishing that 
he knew how to make the five-pointed stars 
that the pretty flag lacked. The sober lit¬ 
tle face attracted the attention of his father, 
and when the cause of the thoughtfulness 
came out, a pair of scissors was borrowed 
from mother’s workbox, and soon the dark 
hair of the father and the tousled yellow 




a 






169 


Angel Hands 

curls of the son were close together over the squares of white 
paper. A shout of joy followed the exhibition of the result of 
the final clip of the scissors, and perhaps you would like to have 
us bring you near enough to see what the 
boy and man were doing. Shall we not do so? 

This is the way they did it: A square of white 
paper was folded into an oblong, and the right- 
hand edge was divided into three parts, with a 
slight crease marking the upper third at a 
(Fig. 36). Then the lower left corner was 
brought up to touch the point a (Fig. 37). 

The paper was then folded along the line a b to 
form Fig. 38 ; and then backward along be to 
form Fig. 39. The oblique cut is made along the dotted line 
(Fig. 40), and the five-pointed star of the Ameri¬ 
can flag was produced. 

Johnny had the story of Betsey Ross to tell 
when he carried his star in triumph into the 
schoolroom the next day. You know the story. 
Mistress Betsey surprised the great Washington 
himself as the deft fingers folded the paper, and 
Fig. 40. the single clip of the scissors produced the per¬ 
fect five-pointed star. And Johnny’s surprise for both class and 
teacher was not less complete, as the eager little fellow taught 
them how to make the beautiful stars. Soon 
the forty-five stars were all cut, and when 
mounted upon the blue field, gave the crown¬ 
ing touch to “Old Glory.” Placed upon the 
walls of the schoolroom, it was, indeed, more 
beautiful than a silken flag. Visitors who saw 
the flag and motto, “By angel hands to valor 
given,” smiled upon the teacher and looked wise. Fig. 41. 





h 

Fig. 39. 





170 


They Gave Their Lives 


Fig. 42. 

Badge of the Grand Army of the Republic 



Decoration Day 

We deck to-day each soldier’s grave, 

We come with offerings pure and white 
To bind the brows of those who gave 
Their all to keep our honor bright. 

We cannot pay the debt we owe ; 

They gave their lives that we might live ; 
Our warmest words fall far below 

The worship that we fain would give. 

O country ! fairest of the free ; 

Columbia!—name forever blest; 



Martyred Heroes of the Free! 


171 


O lost “Atlantis” of the sea 
Securely anchored in the West! 

Unfold the flag their hands have borne! 

The shreds of many a well-fought field ; 

The stripes alone are rent and torn, 

The stars are there, our sacred shield. 

Those stars are ours because they died, 

The blue is dearer for their sake, 

Who sleep on many a green hill-side, 

In ranks that never more will break. 

For well they wore the color true 
That holds our constellation fair, 

And evermore the “Boys in Blue” 

Shall have a day of rest and prayer. 

Yes, martyred heroes of the free ! 

We kneel beside your mounds and pray 
That God our nation’s guard may be, 

And comrades’ hope from day to day. 

O day baptized in blood and tears! 

The blood was theirs, the tears are ours ; 

And children’s children through the years 
Will strew their graves with sweetest flowers. 

And loving garlands all in bloom 
Shall evermore their deeds entwine, 

And decorate the soldier’s tomb 

From Southern palm to Northern pine. 

Wallace Bruce . 


172 


Asking God for Liberty 

The Slave’s Prayer 


We had tramped through field and forest, 

0 the long and dreary way ! 

With the' stars alone to guide us, 

For we dared not move by day— 

Jack and I, two Union soldiers, 

Just escaped from prison-shed, 

Squalid, ghastly, shoeless, starving, 

And no place to ask for bread ; 

Swimming rivers deep and swollen, 
Crossing mountains grim and dark, 
Wading marshes, crouched in thickets, 
Trembling at the bloodhound’s bark. 

O the chill nights marched in silence, 

As the weeks crept slowly past; 

Leagues away the Union army, 

Where we dreamed of peace at last. 

But our strength was well-nigh broken, 
When, one night,—the Lord be praised !— 
Right before us, through the pine-trees, 
Suddenly a camp-fire blazed. 

Straight we turned, but stayed our footsteps, 
As upon the evening air 
Came the gentle, broken accents 
Of a heartfelt, earnest prayer. 

Drawing nearer through the shadows, 
Creeping close from tree to tree, 

There a white-haired slave was kneeling, 
Asking God for liberty. 


Haggard Phantoms of Despair 


i73 


And the words were sweet and touching 
As the first prayer of a child, 

And it seemed that God’s own presence 
Filled the forest vale and wild. 

And the “Amen” that he uttered 
Seemed to echo through the trees; 
But it might have been our voices, 

For he started from his knees, 

And he glanced in fear about him, 

And his look was wild with fright. 
“Save us ! we are Union soldiers ; 

We implore your help to-night. 

“Tell us; where’s the Union army ?” 
And we stood before him there, 

Wan and ghost-like, hardly human, 
Haggard phantoms of despair. 

Then we sat and told our story 
While he served his simple food, 
And the moaning pines above us 
Whispered low in plaintive mood. 


And the midnight stars were shining 
Ere we rose to take our way, 

And we knelt—we all were brothers— 
As he bowed again to pray. 

From that heart by bondage broken, 
From that son of toil and pain, 
Rose a prayer more true and tender 
Than I e’er shall hear again. 


174 


That Dread, Immortal Day 


And throughout the weary marches, 

Through long nights of care and fear, 

Those sweet words were ever with us, 

Filling both our hearts with cheer. 

And we reached the Union army, 

And we told our story there, 

And the “boys” were hushed and breathless 
As we gave that old slave’s prayer. 

Wallace Bruce. 


The Sword of Bunker Hill 

He lay upon his dying bed, 

His eye was growing dim, 

When, with a feeble voice, he called 
His weeping son to him : 

“Weep not, my boy,” the veteran said, 

“I bow to Heaven’s high will; 

But quickly from yon antlers bring 
The sword of Bunker Hill.” 

The sword was brought; the soldier’s eye 
Fit with a sudden flame ; 

And, as he grasped the ancient blade, 

He murmured Warren’s name ; 

Then said, “My boy, I leave you gold, 

But what is richer still, 

I leave you, mark me, mark me, now, 

The sword of Bunker Hill. 

“’Twas on that dread, immortal day, * 
I dared the Briton’s band, 



* Our Nation s Diadem 


175 


A captain raised his blade on me, 

I tore it from his hand ; 

And while the glorious battle raged, 

It lightened Freedom’s will; 

For, boy, the God of Freedom blessed 
The sword of Bunker Hill. 

“O keep the sword ; you know what’s in % 

The handle’s hollow there : 

It shrines, will always shrine, that lock 
Of Washington’s own hair. 

The terror of oppression’s here ; 

Despots ! your own graves fill, 

O’er Vernon’s gift God’s seal is on 
The sword of Bunker Hill. 

■“O keep the sword”—his accents broke ; 

A smile, and he was dead— 

But his wrinkled hand still grasped the blade 
Upon that dying bed. 

The son remains, the sword remains, 

Its glory growing still; 

And fifty millions bless the sire 
And sword of Bunker Hill. 

A hundred years have smiled o’er us 
Since for the priceless gem 

Of Might with Right that moveless make 
Our Nation’s diadem. 

Putnam, Stark, Prescott, Warren fought 
So centuries might thrill 

To see the whole world made free by 

The sword of Bunker Hill.— William R. Wallace . 


176 


Liberty Bell 



Fig- 43- 


liberty and Independence 

There was tumult in the city 

In the quaint old Quaker town : 

And the streets were rife with people 
Pacing restless up and down ; 

People gathering at corners, 

Where they whispered each to each ; 

And the sweat stood on their temples 
With the earnestness of speech. 

As the black Atlantic currents 

L,ash the wild Newfoundland shore, 

So they beat against the State House 
So they surged against the door; 

And the mingling of their voices 
Made a harmony profound, 

Till the quiet street of Chestnut 
Was all turbulent with sound. 



177 


Ring ! Oh , Ring for Liberty ! 

“Will they do it?” “Dare they do it?” 

“Who is speaking?” “What’s the news?” 
“What of Adams?” “What of Sherman?” 

“Oh, God grant they won’t refuse !” 
“Make some way there !” “Let me nearer!” 

“I am stifling !” “Stifle, then ! 

When a nation’s life’s at hazzard, 

We’ve no time to think of men!” 

So they beat against the portal, 

Man and woman, maid and child • 

And the July sun in heaven 

On the scene looked down and smiled: 
The same sun that saw the Spartan 
Shed his patriot blood in vain, 

Now beheld the soul of freedom, 

All unconquered, rise again. 

See ! See ! The dense crowd quivers 
Through all its lengthened line, 

As the boy beside the portal 
Looks forth to give the sign; 

With his little hands uplifted, 

Breezes dallying with his hair, 

Hark ! with deep, clear intonation 
Breaks his young voice on the air. 


Hushed the people’s swelling murmur, 
List the boy’s exultant cry, 

“Ring!” he shouts, “Ring, Grandpa! 
Ring ! oh, ring for Liberty !” 


178 


Like Fabled Phoenix 


Quickly at the given signal 

The old bellman lifts his hand,— 

Forth he sends the good news, making 
Iron music through the land. 

How they shouted ! What rejoicing ! 

How the old bell shook the air, 

Till the clang of freedom ruffled 
The calm, gliding Delaware. 

How the bonfires and the torches 
Lighted up the night’s repose ; 

And from the flames, like fabled Phoenix, 

Our glorious Liberty arose. 

That old State House bell is silent,— 

Hushed is now its clamorous tongue; 

But the spirit it awakened 
Still is living—ever young. 

And when we greet the smiling sunlight 
On the fourth of each July, 

We will ne’er forget the bellman 
Who, betwixt the earth and sky, 

Rang out loudly “ Independence /” 

Which, please God, shall never die. 

Anonymous , 


The Liberty Bell 

When the State House at Philadelphia was approaching 
completion in 1751., a committee was empowered to obtain a 
bell for the building. The bell was to have inscribed on it the 
words : “By Order of the Assembly of the Province of Penn- 



The Fiftieth Year 


179 


sylvania, for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 1752,” 
and underneath, “Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land and 
unto the inhabitants thereof.” The bell arrived from England, 
but when hung in its place, was cracked by the first stroke of 
the clapper. A similar bell was cast by two expert workmen of 
Philadelphia, and the new American bell was mounted in place 
in June, 1753. This was the bell that on the memorable day in 
July, 1776, rang out the glad tidings to the citizens of Philadel¬ 
phia that a new nation had sprung into existence. 

In connection with the history of the Liberty Bell a strange 
coincidence may be related. As if in accordance with the Divine 
commands implied in the full text chosen for the inscription on 
the bell,—“And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim 
liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof; 
it shall be a jubilee unto you, and ye shall return every man 
unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his 
family,”—for full fifty years old Liberty Bell continued to cele¬ 
brate every national anniversary, and then it cracked, as if it 
had fulfilled the purpose implied in the Holy writ, and became 
forever mute. 

Old Liberty Bell has seen many vicissitudes. When the 
American army, in 1777, was about to retire from Philadelphia, 
the bell was taken down and transported to Allentown in order 
that it might not fall into the hands of the British. It was never 
again placed in its original position. It is now installed in the 
vestibule of Independence Hall, upon its original framework, 
where it remains in dignified retirement. 

If the children in our schools learn the story of the old bell, 
there will be no cause to fear that a so-called cosmopolitanism 
will supplant that true love of country with which the heart 
should burn. We believe in the enthusiastic variety of patriot¬ 
ism. Cousin says, “Fortunate are those who have received from 


i8o Poets s Birthays 

nature the sacred fire of enthusiasm ! They ought religiously to 
preserve it.” 


PROGRAMMES 
Patriotic Anniversaries 

Among the exercises that will be found most valuable in 
the schoolroom are those intended to cultivate a love for the 
beautiful as shown in the writings of the poets. The selections 
made should not be limited to the works of our American poets, 
yet the opposite extreme should be as certainly discouraged. No 
patriotic teacher will ever fail to recognize Bryant, Lowell, 
Longfellow, and Whittier as numbered among the world’s great¬ 
est poets. 

A programme for “Poets’ Day” may be made from the po¬ 
ems of several writers, or we may centralize the attention upon 
the works of one author in a programme for “Longfellow’s 
Birthday.” (Portland, Me., February 27, 1807) 

The work should be so arranged as to combine instruction 
with pleasant entertainment, and to show the parents and friends 
of the school what the children are actually learning along these 
lines. Every part of it should bear distinctly upon the subject 
in hand, and much of the preparation may be made by the pu¬ 
pils at home and independently. Selections may be made from 
Miles Standish , Evangeline , Hiawatha , The Psalm of Life , The 
Golden Legend , The Building of the Ship , and other poems of 
the author. One pupil should prepare a short biographical 
sketch, and the addition of music and the acrostic exercise will 
give a pleasing variety to the programme. 



A crostic—L ongfellow 


181 


T IVES of great men all remind us 
We can make our lives sublime, 

And, departing, leave behind us 
Foot-prints on the sands of time. 

HOLY Night! from thee I learn to bear 
What man has borne before ! 

Thou layest thy finger on the lips of Care, 
And they complain no more. 

M OTHING useless is, or low ; 

Each thing in its place is best; 

And what seems but idle show 
Strengthens and supports the rest. 

sent His singers upon earth, 

With songs of sadness and of mirth, 
That they might touch the hearts of men, 
And bring them back to heaven again. 




COR the structure that we raise, 

Time is with materials filled ; 

Our to-days and yesterdays 

Are the blocks with which w r e build. 


CNCAMPED beside Life’s rushing stream, 
^ In Fancy’s misty light, 

Gigantic shapes and shadows gleam 
Portentous through the night. 

I ABOR with what zeat we will, 

^ Something still remains undone, 
Something uncompleted still 
Waits the rising of the sun. 


I IKE Winkelried, he took 
^ Into his manly breast 

The sheaf of hostile spears, and broke 
A path for the oppressed. 


/'Y WEARY hearts ! O slumbering eyes ! 
^ O drooping souls, whose destinies 
Are fraught with fear and pain, 

Ye shall be loved again ! 


\ A/E speak of friends and their fortunes, 
* ’ And of what they did and said, 

Till the dead alone seem living, 

And the living alone seem dead. 


lS2 


Poets Days in School 


Heggfellew’s Birthday 

[Portland, Me., February 27, 1807] 

Roll-Call - - Quotations - - By Pupils 

Music - “Stars of the Summer Night” - Pease 
Recitation - Selection from “The Building of the Ship” 
Biographical Sketch - Edith Balsley 

Music - - “A Psalm of Rife” - - Himmel 

Essay - “Courtship of Miles Standish” 

Recitation ------- “Excelsior” 

Acrostic - * “Longfellow’* - - By Ten Girls 

Music - - “The Day is Done” - Slavonic Folk Song 

Another programme may contain:—Music, “The Arrow 
and the Song,” Balfe; Selection from “Evangeline”; Essay; 
Music, “The Rainy Day,” Dempster; Names of Important Po¬ 
ems ; Recitation, “The Bridge”; Music, “America.” 


BRYANT DA Y— November 3. Cummington, Mass., 1794. 
Selections from “Thanatopsis”; “Ode to a Waterfowl”; “Robert of 
Lincoln”; “To the Fringed Gentian”; “The Planting of the Ap- 
ple-4:ree”; “Abraham Lincoln.” 

WHITTIER DA Y— December 17. Haverhill, Mass., 1807. 
Selections from “Snow-Bound”; “Barbara Frietchie”; “The Red 
River Voyageur”; “Laus Deo”; “Yorktown”; “The Angels of 
Buena Vista”; Selections from “The Barefoot Boy”; “Brown of 
Ossawatomie”; “The Prayer of Agassiz”; “Our Country.” 



For the Twenty-Second of February 183 

Washington's Birthday 

Salutation of the Flag - By the School 

Music - “Columbia the Gem of the Ocean” 

Oration - - - - - “Washington” 

Recitation ... ‘‘The Sword of Bunker Hill” 
Color Drill - “Our Flag” - Primary Grade 
Music - - * - - “Hail Columbia” 

Washington’s Maxims - “Selected Precepts” - Pupils 

Recitation - - - “Washington at Newburgh” 

% 

Acrostic III. - “Under the Old Elm” - Ten Young Ladies 
Music ----- “Rally Round the Flag” 

Another programme is suggested as follows :—Music, “Star- 
Spangled Banner”; Recitation, “True Patriotism”; Biographical 
Sketch ; Acrostic II—“Liberty”; Music, “Our Flag is There”; 
Flag Drill II.; Tributes to Washington—Selected ; Exercise, 
‘Date Drill,” or “The Color Bearers”; Music, “America.” 


LINCOLN'S BIRTHDAY —February 12, Hardin Coun¬ 
ty, Ky., 1809. Music, “Battle Hymn of the Republic”; Recita¬ 
tion, “Lincoln at Gettysburg,” Wallace Bruce; “Tributes to Lin¬ 
coln”; “Flag Drill I. with Manual of Arms”; Old War Song, 
“Tenting on the Old Camp Ground”; Biographical Sketch ; Rec¬ 
itation, “The Slave’s Prayer”; Reading of Emancipation Procla¬ 
mation ; Music, “Marching Through Georgia”; Recitation, “The 
Flag of Our Union Forever”; Acrostic IV., “Lincoln”; Music, 
“When this Cruel War is Over”; Recitation, “The Blue and the 
Gray”; Music, “Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching.” 



184 


We Honor the Brave 



Normal Chapel, Slippery Rock, Pa. 

PROGRAMME 

Prayer ■ Rev. W. A. Baker 

National Hymn —“America” By the People 

Music—“Battle Hymn of the Republic” - Julia Ward Howe 
HARRY M. CAMPBELL 

Flag drill I. - From “Old Glory” 

PUPILS FROM MODEL SCHOOL 

Solo —“Tenting on the Old Camp Ground” Walter Kittredge 
ALINE SHEFFIELD 

Address - - - Hon. Aaron L. Hazen 

Solo and chorus - - “The Noble Boys in Blue” 

CARRIE BLACK 

Obligato and chorus - - “Sleep, Soldier, Sleep” 

EMMA LOEFFLER 

Quartette .... “The Glorious Chief” 
Benediction - - - Rev. G. R. Edmundson 


Another programme may be as follows :—Music, “The Star- 
Spangled Banner”; Oration, “Memorial Day”; Old War Song, 
“Tramp, Tramp, Tramp”; Flag Drill II., By the Pupils; Rec¬ 
itation, “Decoration Day,” Wallace Bruce; Music, “Battle Hymn 
of the Republic”; Recitation, “Martyrs for Freedom”; Acrostic, 
‘Lincoln”; Music, “America”; Benediction. 



The Kindergarten Flag 


185 


A FLAG BY FOLDING 


Many of the forms given in the diagrams in “Frcebel’s 
Square” may be used with good effect in the production of 
many ornaments for the schoolroom Thus the making of a flag 
will be found an interesting variation of the usual exercises in 
paper-folding Have each child fold three or four of the forms 
of any of the simple designs shown in Figs. 45—49, or 33—35, 
using red, white, and blue squares for the purpose. Let the chil¬ 
dren paste these units upon a large sheet of manilla paper, so as 
to form a Union flag with its thirteen stripes and forty-five stars 
in the field of blue. The stars may be cut out according to the 
foldings shown in Figs. 36—41, and should be pasted over the 
blue units used in making the field. The spirit of co-operation 
incident to the making is basic in the education of the children, 
since society will require of them unity of aim in after life. 
The flag may be made for use on Washington’s birthday, or 
other national holiday. One hundred twenty-two squares are 
required for the seven red stripes, and one hundred eight squares 
for the white stripes. Fifty-six squares are required for the blue 
field. In this design, the field should be fourteen inches wide and 
sixteen inches long. The short stripes—seven in number— 
should be twenty-eight inches long, while the six long stripes 
should be forty-four inches long. Mount the squares upon a 
piece of manilla paper twenty-six inches by forty-four inches, 
with a piece of strong cord passed through the end near the 
field. (Fig. F) Hang the flag upon the wall as a decoration. 



i86 


Units which the Children make 


Forms of Beauty from the Square 


FIRST BASIS OR FUNDAMENTAL 

As the basis of the first se¬ 
ries of forms of beauty, we shall 
take the form of life folded in 
Lesson VI of the Primary Les¬ 
sons. (Froebel’s Square) 

This is the handkerchief 
box, and may be folded accord¬ 
ing to these directions :— 

i. Fold the two diameters 
and two diagonals of the square. 
Open to the square, and fold 
each corner to the center, Turn 
the paper over, and again turn 
the corners to the center. To make the second in sequence,— 

2. Fold the inner corners of the small squares over the outer 
corners, making a triangle in each corner. (Fig. 45) 

3. Fold the vertex over to the middle of the opposite base 
in each triangle. (Fig. 46) 

4. Fold a form like Fig. 46, and turn back the folded parts 
along the diagonals of the small squares to form the photograph 
holder. (Fig. 47) 

5. Smooth the paper back to the fundamental after making 
Fig. 45, and fold the inner corners of the little squares to the 
centers of the diagonals. (Fig. 48) 

6. Fold these laps around the creased diagonals backward 
toward the corners. (Fig. 49) 













. 

s - 


',; ’ 

isj£:;£ 


V 



PW*ftv'x : 




K§#3 r 

Hwiii 

I\_ 

■l ■ c: . 























































Careful and Obedient Doing 


187 


We find that in many cases the forms of 
life and knowledge are contained, as it were, 
in the forms of beauty. Thus these orna¬ 
mental, symmetrical forms will often repre¬ 
sent real or concrete things, while at the 
same time the attention of the child may be 
attracted to an observance of the mathemat¬ 
ical relations. A rosette or star may be a form 
of life, a form of knowledge, and a form of 
beauty, all at once. * Having many lines and 
angles symmetrically placed, they are forms 
of beauty; the relations between these lines 
and angles show forth the forms of knowledge; 
while the use of such stars and rosettes as forms 
of life may be seen in the stained glass windows 
of churches. 

Education should begin with the man¬ 
agement of material, or manual work, then 
proceed to the transformation of material, 
which constitutes art, and finally lead up to 
the spiritualisation of material. 

All hand work must be done well or ill, 
and there is an immense gulf between careful 
and obedient doing, and the botching and 
patching necessary to cover the results of 
careless work. 

In order to obtain the best results, it is ab¬ 
solutely necessary that the foldings be made by 
all the children in the same way. The work 
should be done from dictation rather than by 
imitation. Children are best taught through 
individual thought and action. 



























i88 


Some Forms of Beauty for the Flag 


SECOND BASIS OR FUNDAMENTAL 

i. Fold the table cloth 
form as given in the Primary 
Lessons, and make from this 
the six-sided form shown in 
Fig. 27 of the same lessons. 
Take any one of the sharp 
points, and opening out the 
the little pocket as at a , press 
it down flat to the center. Do 
the same with all four. This 
fundamental is rich in forms 
of beauty which may be used in making frames for school work, 
birthday charts, valentines, flags, v and mottoes. 

Let the children join in making their work a united and 
common one, and there will come forth a beautiful combination 
as the result of unity of thought and action. The glazed papers 
are very pretty for this sequence of forms. The figures are 
brought out in relief in white upon a colored background in 
many of the derived forms. 

2 . Fold the corner e back to f (Fig. 50), and do the same 
with the other points at the center. 

3. Notice the upper left-hand square of Fig. 50. Fold 
down its upper right corner to the diagonal at c. Fold up the 
lower right corner of the upper right hand square, and complete 
by opposites. 

4. Fold the preceding form, and turn over the remaining 
corners of the squares. (Fig. 35) 

5. The next pattern is the opposite of Fig. 35, making the 
the same general design, but showing the smooth side upper¬ 
most. (Fig. 34) 














The Birthday of the Flag 


189 


Flag Day 

[June 14, 1777] 

Salutation of the Flag (Page 31) - - By the Pupils 

Music.“Rally Round the Flag” 

Sketch - “The History of the Flag” - Ruth Braham 
Recitation - “O Captain ! My Captain !” 

Selections - From" “The Color Bearers” - By Five Pupils 
Recitation - - - - Drake’s “American Flag” 

Music.“The Star-Spangled Banner” 

Selected Oration - .“Lincoln’s Address at Gettysburg” 
Color Drill - - “Our Flag” - - Primary Grade 

Recitation - - - Bryant’s “Abraham Lincoln” 

Acrostic IV. - - “Lincoln” - - By Seven Boys 

Music -------- “America” 

[This Programme may be used for Lincoln’s Birthday.] 

'Mvbev Day 

Music, “Swinging ’Neath the Old Apple Tree” ; Reading of 
the Proclamation ; Essay, “Origin and History of Arbor Day”; 
Recitation, “Woodman, Spare that Tree”; Music, “The Ivy* 
Green”; Oration, “The Value of Trees”; Drill II, using boughs- 
instead of flags; Concert Reading, “The Forest Hymn”; Recita¬ 
tion, “To a Mountain Daisy”; Song, “The Brave Old Oak”; Es¬ 
say, “Historic Trees”; Recitation, “What Plant We in the Ap¬ 
ple Tree”; Music, “America.” 


190 Up with Our Banner bright! 

When to Display the Flag 

January i,—Emancipation Proclamation, 

February 12,—Birthday of Lincoln. 

February 22,—Birthday of Washington. 

April 9,—Appomattox. 

April 19,—Battle of Lexington. 

May 30,—Decoration Day. 

June 14,—Adoption of the Flag by Congress. (Flag Day) 
June 17,—Battle of Bunker Hill. 

July 4,—Declaration of Independence. 

September 10,—Perry’s Victory. 

September 22,—Emancipation Proposed. 

October 12—21,—Discovery of America. 

October 17,—Surrender of Burgoyne, Saratoga. 

October 19,—Surrender of Cornwallis. 

December 21,—Landing of the Pilgrims. 


Selections for Patriotic Occasions 

All Hail Thou Glorious Morn, Charles Davis —A Star of 
the West, and Tribute to Washington, Eliza Cook— A Woman of 
the War, Rossiter Johnsoii —Barbara Frietchie, and The Slave 
Ships, Whittier —Dirge for a Soldier, and The Black Regiment, 
George H. Boker —Freedom our Queen, God Save the Flag, 
Grandmother’s Story of Bunker Hill, Lexington, Never or Now, 
Ode for Washington’s Birthday, Old Ironsides, and Union and 
Liberty, Holmes —Gettysburg,and Wanted a Man, ElC. Stedman 
—In His Name, Edward E. Hale —John Burns at Gettysburg, 
and The Reveille, Bret Harte —Jonathan to John, Under the Old 
Elm, and Washington, Lowell —Kenan’s Charge, G. P. Lathrop 
—Sheridan’s Ride, T. B. Read —Paul Revere’s Ride, Longfellow . 



Hancock and Reynolds 


191 


THE BADGES OF THE ARMY CORPS 


The badge of the First Corps during the 
War of the Rebellion was a circle. (Fig. 51) 

The different Divisions, of this corps, as in all 
other corps, were distinguished by the color of 
the badge as follows:—First Division, red; 

Second Division, white; Third Division, blue; 

Fourth Division, green; Fifth Division, orange. 

The First Corps was commanded successively 
by Generals McDowell, Hooker, Reynolds, Wadsworth, and 
Newton. It was engaged in battle at Mechanicsville, White 
Oak Swamp, Groveton, Gainesville, Manassas, South Mountain, 
Antietam, Fredericksburg, Fitzhugh’s Crossing, Chancellors- 
ville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, and many other places. It was a 
part of the Army of Potomac. 

The badge of the Second Corps was the 
Shamrock or Clover Leaf. (Fig. 52) This 
corps was commanded by Sumner, Couch, 

Sedgwick, Hancock, Hays, Warren, and 
Humphreys. It participated in the battles 
of Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, Sav¬ 
age’s Station, Allen’s Farm, White Oak 
Swamp, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Fredericks¬ 
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, The Wilder 
ness, Spottsvlvania, North Anna River, Totopotomoy, Cold Har¬ 
bor, Petersburg, Boyd ton, and elsewhere. It formed part of 
the Army of the Potomac. 





Meade and Hooker 


19 2 



Fig. 53. 


The Third Corps had for its badge a dia¬ 
mond or lozenge. (Fig. 53) This corps was or¬ 
ganized in 1862, and formed part of the Army 
of the Potomac. The corps was discontinued in 
March, 1864. It took part in the battles of 
Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, White Oak 
Swamp, Malvern Hill, Kettle Run, Groveton, 
Gainesville, Manassas, Chantilly, Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, and Mine Run, 
It had as its commanders in succession, Generals Heintzelman. 
Kearney, Stoneman, Sickles, and French. 

The Fourth Corps was originally organized in 1862, and 
then formed part of the Army of the Potomac. It had for its 
badge an equilateral triangle, (Fig. 54), and was commanded by 
Keyes, Granger, Howard, Wood, and Stanley. The troops were 
engaged in battle at Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, Oak Grove, White 
Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, and Antietam. In September, 
1863, the Twentieth (Fig. 65) and Twenty-first 
Corps were united to form the Fourth Corps 
in the Army of the Cumberland. This corps 
took part in the battles of Orchard Knob, 
Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Buz¬ 
zard Roost, Resaca, Lost Mountain, and Nash¬ 
ville. 



Fig. 54. 


The Fifth Corps was organized in 1862, and continued un- 
til the close of the war. It had for its badge a Maltese cross, 
(Fig. 55), and was commanded by Generals Banks, Porter, 
Hooker, Butterfield, Meade, Sykes, Warren, and Griffin. It 
was engaged in the battles of Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, 
White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Manassas, Antietam, Fred¬ 
ericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristoe Station, Mine 
Run, The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North Anna River, To- 



To Stand in the Evil Hour 


topotoinoy, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Wel¬ 
don Railroad, Preble’s Farm, Dabney’s Mills, 
Boydton, and Five Forks. It was a prom¬ 
inent corps in the Army of the Potomac. 

The Sixth Corps, organized in 1862, 
was also a portion of the Army of the Po¬ 
tomac. Its badge, the Greek cross, (Fig. 56) 
was seen beside the Maltese cross of the Fifth 
corps on many a battlefield. At Fredericks¬ 
burg, at Chancellorsville, in sad and sharp 
experience and brave but hopeless effort, 
the men learned to “stand in the evil hour,” 
and “having done all to stand.” They 
fought through to the end, and gained the 
glorious crown. The generals who com¬ 
manded this corps at different times in its 
history were Franklin, Smith, Sedgwick, 
Getty, and Wright. The principal battles 
in which the corps engaged were Savage’s 
Station, White Oak Swamp, Malvern llill^ 
South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville, Salem Heights, Marye’s 
Heights, Gettysburg, Mine Run, The Wil¬ 
derness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Peters¬ 
burg, Monocacy, Opequon (Winchester), 
Fisher’s Hill, Cedar Creek, and Dabney’s 
Mills. The First, Second, Ninth, and 
Twelfth corps were most completely en¬ 
gaged at Antietam ; the Fifth and Sixth 
corps suffered a much smaller loss. 

The Seventh Corps had for its badge 
the Crescent and Star, (Fig. 61), and was 


55 


56 


57 


58 


59 


60 





□ 
























Star and Crescent 

commanded by Dix, Nagles, Steele, and 
Reynolds. It fought at Arkadelphia, and 
many other places on the border. 

The Eighth Corps was commanded 
by Wool, Schenck, Lockwood, Wallace, 
and Ord. The badge was the six pointed 
star. (Fig. 62) The battles were Berry s- 
ville, Opequon, Fisher’s Hill, and Cedar 
Creek. 

The Ninth Corps formed part of the army of the Potomac, 
The badge was a shield with cannon and anchor crossed. (Fig. 63) 
The commanders were Burnside, Willcox, Smith, Parke, and Pot¬ 
ter. It was engaged in battle at Groveton, Gainesville, Manassas, 
Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, White Sulphur Springs,. 
Fredericksburg, Jackson, The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, North 
Anna River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Fort Sedgwick, and 
Preble’s Farm. 

The Tenth Corps had for its badge the decorated square 
shown in Fig. 59, and was composed of forces in the Department 
of the South. It was commanded by Mitchell, Brannan, Hun¬ 
ter, Gilmore, Terry, Brooks, Birney, and Ames. 
The most noted battles in which it was en¬ 
gaged were at Petersburg Railroad, Swift Creek, 
Drury’s Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, Strawberry 
Plains, New Market Heights, Fair Oaks, and 
Fort Fisher. 

The Eleventh Corps, having for its badge 
the Crescent, (Fig. 64), and commanded by 
Siegel, Stahel, Von Steinwelir, Schurz, and Howard, was con¬ 
solidated with the Twelfth to form the Twentieth Corps. The 
badge of the Twelfth Corps was the five-pointed star, which be¬ 
came that of the Twentieth Corps. (Fig. 65) The command- 



194 







Grant ’s Army Corps 


i95 


ers of the Twelfth were Mansfield, Williams, and 
Slocum ; while the Twentieth Corps was com¬ 
manded by McCook, Hooker, Williams, Slocum, 
and Mower. The battles were Antietam, Chan- 
cellorsville, Gettysburg, Orchard Knob, Lookout 
Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. 

The Thirteenth Corps was originally un¬ 
der the command of General Grant, and had no ^ IG - 64. 
badge. The one shown in Fig. 66 was adopted by the surviving 
members of the corps m 1887. The commanders were Grant, 

V 

Fig. 65. 

Me demand, Ord 
were Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Arkansas Post, Deer Creek, Port 
Gibson, Baker’s Creek, and Vicksburg, 

The Fourteenth Corps was originally composed of all the 
forces of the Army of the Cumberland, and was placed under the 
command of General W. S. Rosecrans. Its badge was the Acorn. 
(Fig. 67) The commanders were Rosecrans, Thomas, Palmer, 
Johnson, and Davis. Afterwards the Twentieth and Twenty- 
first Corps were separated to form, with the reorganized Four¬ 
teenth, the Army of the Cumberland. The commanders of the 
Twenty-first Corps were Crittenden, Wood, and Palmer. The 
chief battles iu which these corps took part were Stone’s Run, 
Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, 




Dana, and Granger. 


Fig. 67. 
The principal battles 









196 


Grant , Sherman , and Logan 



Fig. 68. 


Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Jonesboro, Atlanta, 
Savannah, and Bentonville. 

The Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seven¬ 
teenth Army Corps were formed from troops 
in Grant’s comm^id. The badges were the 
square, (Fig. 68), the Cross Formy, (Fig. 58), 
and the Arrow. (Fig. 69) The commanders 
of the Fifteenth were Sher- 
man, Blair, Logan, Osterhans, and Hazen ; of === CCC 3 ^ 
the Sixteenth, Hurlbut, Dana, and Smith ; of 
the Seventeenth, McPherson, Blair, Ransom, ^ IG * ^ 9 * 
and Belknap. The Fifteenth Corps was in battle at Arkansas 
Post, Black Bayou, Jackson, Vicksburg, Canton, Orchard Knob, 
Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Snake Creek, Resaca, 
Jonesboro, Atlanta, Ship’s Gap, Fort McAllister, Ogeechee, Sa¬ 
vannah, and Columbia. The Sixteenth Corps fought at Cold- 
water, Jackson, Resaca, Mansura, Hurricane Creek, Vicksburg, 
Jonesboro, and Nashville. The Seventeenth Corps fought at 
Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Baker’s Creek, Vicksburg, 
Canton, Jonesboro, Ogeechee, Savannah, Binnaker’s Bridge, Or¬ 
angeburg, and Bentonville. 

The Eighteenth Corps had for its badge the ornamental 
form shown in Fig. 57. The corps was originally composed of 
troops serving in North Carolina. The entire Seventh Corps 
was afterwards transferred to this corps. The corps command¬ 
ers were Foster, Palmer, Butler, Smith, Ord, Gibbon, and Weitzel. 
It fought at Petersburg, Swift Creek, Drury’s Bluff, Bermuda 
Hundred, New Market Heights, and Fair Oaks. It was dis- 
contiued in December, 1864. 

The Nineteenth Corps was originally composed of the 
troops in the Department of the Gulf. The badge was the 
quadrated Maltese cross shown in Fig. 60. The corps com- 





Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek 197 

manders were successively Banks, Franklin, Emory, Reynolds, 
and Grover. The principal battles were those fought by that 
portion of the corps sent from Washington' to aid in the cam¬ 
paign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley. The organiza¬ 
tion in the Mississippi Military Division was then abolished, 
having fought at Irish Bend, Port Hudson, and Mansura. In 
the Shenandoah Valley, the corps was engaged at Berryville, 
• Opequon, Fisher’s Hill, and Cedar Creek. 

The Twenty-second Corps was com¬ 
posed of troops in the Department of Washing¬ 
ton. The badge was the cleft pentagonal fig¬ 
ure or five-armed cross shown in Dig. 70. The 
commanders were Heintzelman, Parke, and _ 

Augur. FlG - 7 °- 

Troops in the states of Ohio and Kentucky, not belonging 
to the Ninth Corps, formed the Twenty - 
third Corps, the badge of which was the 
shield shown in Fig. 71. Generals Hartsuff, 
Manson, Cox, Stoneman, Schofield, and Car. 
ter were successively the commanders of the 
corps. This corps fought at Dalton, Resaca, 
Duck River, Nashville, and Wilmington. 

Fig. 71. The badge of the Twenty-fourth Corps 

was the heart, (Fig. 72). This corps was 
composed of the white infantry of the Tenth 
and Eighteenth corps, and had for its com¬ 
manders Ord, Terry, Devens, Gibbon, and 
Turner. 

The Twenty-fifth Corps was composed 
of colored troops serving in North Carolina 
and Virginia. The badge was the Square, 

(Fig. 72), and the commanders were Weitzel and Heckman- 






198 


Making the Badges 


These two corps were engaged in battle at 
Fort Fisher, Wilmington, Petersburg, and Ap¬ 
pomattox Court House. 

The Cavalry Corps also had distinctive 
badges, the most general one being the crossed 
sabers. The Signal Corps was also distin¬ 
guished by a special badge. 

After the close of the war, the various as- * 
sociations or societies of veterans were organized. Handsome 
badges were adopted, one of which, the badge of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, is shown on page one hundred seventy 



/. 

Cutting the Badges 

There can be no better busy-work or seat occupation for a 
class in history than the cutting of some of the corps badges. 
This desk work should be introduced in connection with the 
ordinary lesson. Many of the badges here shown may be cut 
from the square folded as follows: 

1. Crease one diagonal by bringing the front left corner 
over the back right corner: 

2 . Bring the front acute angle over the back acute angle. 

3. Bring the right-hand acute angle over the left-hand 
acute angle. 

4. Make a straight cut parallel to the side or fold of the 
triangle formed through the preceding foldings. 

5. The result of this cut will be the Greek cross, (Fig. 56), 
the badge of the Sixth Army Corps. 

An oblique cut, made from the side to the hypotenuse, will 
give the Maltese cross, the badge of the Fifth Corps. 



All, Sons of Columbia 


199 


THE CONFEDERATE FEAG 


The old soldiers of the Union tell many stories concerning 
their impressions when first they heard the “rebel yell” and saw 
the rebel flag. Many*say they “shivered” whenever it dawned 
upon their view, and some admit they wanted to run whenever 
it appeared through the trees of some forest, or rose above the 
summit of some hill. No doubt the sudden appearance of “Old 
Glory” under similar circumstances was a cause of like feelings 
of dread to the soldiers in the Confederate armies. But the sol¬ 
diers in either army were not men who would turn away from 
danger. All were sons of Columbia, and how could they be 
otherwise than brave, no matter what might meet them ? Some 
account of the historic flags of the Confederacy may not be with¬ 
out interest in connection with this history of the flag of our 
common country. Instead of floating proudly to the breeze for 
centuries to come, as was once dreamed, these rebel flags are now 
but mere trophies of the war. But it is better thus. Indeed, 
the story is told that a large flag of the 150th Pennsylvania 
Volunteers, captured by the rebels at Gettysburg, was re¬ 
captured in the baggage of Jefferson Davis. There can be no 
doubt but that a spark of patriotism for the old flag, under which 
he fought so gallantly on the fields of Mexico, still lingered in the 
heart of this man who had shed his blood in its defense. Into 
his exile he would carry the emblem which he had once loved 
so well, and, in its sacred presence, atone for the effort that he 
had made to destroy the government which it represented. Is 



200 


The Stars and Bars 





Fig. 74- 


it too charitable an act to credit Davis with this last remaining 
spark of love for “Old Glory?” 

At the beginning of the Civil War, the South experienced 
difficulty in determining upon a distinctive flag for its forces. 
The old “Stars and Stripes” were as much a part of southern 
history as of northern ; and many people in the Confederacy dis¬ 
liked to part with the old banner under which their fathers had 
fought on many a hard and bloody field. When at last they 
chose the “Stars and Bars,” it was frequently mistaken on the 
battlefield for the Federal flag. Previous to the adoption of the 
rebel flag, and during the heated discussion of the subject, Prof. 
Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, made the suggestion that 
the flag be cut in two, and a half given to each section. The plea 
is pathetic in the extreme. “Referring to this as on a map,” he 
said, “the upper portion being north and the lower portion south, 
we have the upper end of the division of the blue field, and then 
six and one-half stripes for the flag of the North. Then we have 
the lower part of the blue field, and six and one-half stripes for 
the Southern flag. The number of stars in either blue field shall 
be equal to the number of states in that confederacy. The rea- 










201 


Tlte First Flag of the Confederacy 

sons for this division are obvious. It prevents all disputes on a 
claim for the old flag by either confederacy. It is distinctive, 
for the two cannot be mistaken for each other, either at sea or 
at a distance on land. Bach flag, being a part of the old flag, will 
retain something of the sacred memories of the past for the so¬ 
ber reflection of each people; and in the event of a war with 
some.foreign nation or combination of nations, the two separate 
flags, by natural affinity, would clasp fittingly together, and the 
glorious old flag of the Union in its entirety would be hoisted 
once more, embracing all the sister states.” This division of 
the old flag was never made, however, and to-day our country’s 
flag floats over the undivided Union where heart answers to 
heart and hand clasps hand. 

The first flag of the Confederacy, the “Stars and Bars,” was 
adopted by the provisional congress March 4, 1861, by its accept¬ 
ance of the report of the committee on the flag and seal of the 
Confederate States, submitted by its chairman William Porcher 
Miles. The design of this flag consisted of a red field with a 
white space extending horizontally through the center, and equal 
in width to one-third the width of the flag ; the red spaces, above 
and below, to be the same width as the white ; the union blue, 
extending down through the white space and stopping at the 
lower red space ; in the center of the union, a circle of white stars 
corresponding in number with the states in the confederacy. 
This was a return to the arrangement of the stars in the old 
Revolutionary flag. 

The charter members of the Confederacy were South Caro¬ 
lina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and 
Texas. Seven stars, therefore, were inserted originally in the 
field of the flag. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North 
Carolina followed in quick succession, bringing the number of 
stars up to eleven. 


202 


The Confederate Battle-Flag 



Fig. 75. 


William Porcher Miles, of South Carolina, claims to have 
designed the Confederate battle-flag, and to have urged its adop¬ 
tion by the provisional congress. On the other hand, a like 
claim is made that the design is due to Edward C. Hancock. 
This flag (Fig. 75) was adopted because, at the battte of Bull 
Run, the “Stars and Bars” were, in the smoke of battle, several 
times mistaken for the old flag. This battle-flag was the south¬ 
ern cross saltire, in blue and white, extending across the whole 
flag on a red field, with thirteen stars on the cross. 

The “Stars and Bars” were formally abandoned as the 
“National” flag of the Confederate States on May 1, 1863, P re ~ 
sumably for the same reason that had caused the flag to be dis¬ 
carded as a battle-flag—that it looked too much like the Stars 
and Stripes. The new flag was as follows: The field to be 
white ; the length double the width of the flag, with the union 
(now used as a battle-flag) to be a square of two-thirds the width 
of the flag, having the ground red ; thereon a broad saltire of 
blue, bordered with white, and emblazoned with white mullets 
or five-pointed stars, corresponding in number to that of the 
Confederate States. (Fig. 76) 






To Rise No More 


203 



Fig. 76. Fig. 77. 


On March 4, 1865, the Confederacy again changed its flag 
by providing that “the flag of the Confederate States shall be as 
follows: The width two-thirds of its length, with the union 
(now used as a battle-flag) to be in width three-fifths of the 
width of the flag, and so proportioned as to leave the length of 
the field on the side of the union twice the width of the field be¬ 
low it; to have the ground red and a broad saltire thereon, bor¬ 
dered with mullets or five pointed stars; the field to be white, 
except the outer half from the union to be a red bar, extend¬ 
ing the width of the flag.” It was claimed that when the flag 
adopted May 1, 1863, fell limp around the flag-staff it looked 
like a flag of truce, and the bar was added to prevent such mis¬ 
take. 

A few plain figures taken from the war records may be of 
interest in this connection. 

When the southern states seceded from the Union, over one- 
eighth of the poulation consisted of slaves. About 175,000 of 
these entered the service of the United States, and fought for 









204 


Two Important Notes 


their own freedom. There were nearly 3,000,000 men engaged 
in the defense of the flag. Some 67,000 of these belonged to the 
standing army, while the great body of men were volunteers. 

Of the troops in the Union army two-thirds were American 
born, while the greater part of the remaining third were natural¬ 
ized citizens. All of these rallied unhesitatingly to the support 
of the flag. They found death on 2,261 fields of blood. 

The number of Union men killed in battle and who died on 
the field was 61,362. There were 34,773 who died of wounds, 
183,287 died of disease, 306 were accidentally killed, 6,749 were 
missing in action and never accounted for, 174,577 were honor¬ 
ably discharged, 224,306 were discharged for disability, and 
22,281 resigned. One-half a million men lost their lives in the 
great Civil War. 

This struggle is probably the only instance in the history 
of the world where a people have given their lives for so subtile 
and intangible an object as the maintenance of the supremacy of 
a written instrument—a constitution. This is by far a more un¬ 
selfish devotion than that shown in the famous toast of Stephen 
Decatur: “Our country ! In her intercourse with foreign na. 
tions may she always be in the right; but our country, right or 
wrong.” We, to-day, would rise to the higher sentiment: “Our 
country! may she, at home and abroad, be always in the right!” 


1. —Page 33 —Morituri Salutamus —This is taken from the cry of 
the gladiators facing death in the arena of the Colosseum at Rome:— “Morituri 
CAESAR, TE SAEUTAMUS,” O, Caesar, we who are about to die. salute you. 

2. — Page 43- Pro Christo, sicnt Christus y -“For Christ, like 

Christ.” An epitaph proposed by Victor Hugo in relation to the execution of 
John Brown. The great French author labored in vain in behalf of the brave 
old man who died for his faith in an idea. 



205 


INDEX 


Acrostic I.—Washington, 133 
Acrostic II.—Liberty, 136 
Acrostic III.—Washington, 137 
Acrostic IV.—Lincoln, 148 
All, sons of Columbia, 199 
America, 38 
America, author of, 39 
“American Flag,” 41 
An appeal to heaven, 14 
An experience and a principle, 59 
Arrangement of the stars, 22 
Asking God for liberty, 172 
A song for our banner, 83, 113 
A wanderer, 97 

Author of “John Brown’s Body,” 46 

Ballot-box my throne, 87 
Banners of the Israelites, 10 
Battle-cry of Freedom, 49 
Battle-flags, 113 

Battle Hymn of the Republic, 46 
Be a hero in the strife, 85 
Bearer of Fort Moultrie flag, 158 
Bearer of the flag of 1777, 161 
Bearer of the flag of 1812 (1794), 162 
Bearer of the flag of 1818, 162 
Bearer of the flag of 1897, 163 
Bearer of the Grand Union flag, 160 
Bearer of the Pine Tree flag, 157 
Bearer of the Rattlesnake flag, 159 
Bearer of the Red flag, 156 
Bearer of St. George’s cross, 155 
Beneath thy rays, no 
Best answer to calumny, 89 
Betsey Ross, 17 
Blue and the Gray, 116 
Breathe balmy airs, 101 
Bunker Hill, 114 

Bunker Hill flag (illustration), 18 


By angel hands to valor given, 42 

Cambridge flag, 160 
Children’s Aid Society, 29 
Cincinnatus of the West. 86 
Colonial timepiece, 8i 
Color bearers. 155 
Columbia! to glory arise, 94 
Comrades! call the roll again, 105 
Confederate flag, history of, 199 
Congressional resolution, 16 
Cornwallis, surrender of, 36 
Course of empire, 93 
Culpepper flag (illustration), 18 
Culpepper Minute Men, 13 

Date drill, 129 
Decoration Day, 170 
Death of Col. Ellsworth, 27 
Defense of Fort McHenry, 19 
Dimensions of the flag, 17 
Disfigurement of the flag, 26 
Don’t tread on me, 14, 160 
Drafted, 141 

Drake, Joseph Rodman, 41 
Dying on the old camp ground, 55 

Earliest flags, 1 r 
Emblem of liberty, no 
Endicott’s banner, 13 
Entered her Gethsemane, 104 
Everett on Lincoln’s speech, 76 
Every village claims ^ts dead, 9 1 

Fallen cold and dead, 73 

First flags of the American Colonies, 12 

First flag of the Confederacy, 201 

First gun of the Confederacy, 26 

First national flag, 16 

First “Old Glory,” 16r 

First republican flag in the South, 14 




206 


Index 


First (Reynolds’) army corps, 191 

First Salute to the American flag, 17 

Flag at half-mast, 32 

Flag attacked at Baltimore, 27 

Flag composed of boys and girls, 25 

Flag drills, exercises, etc., 119 

Flag of Appomattox, 11 

Flag of April 4, 1818 (illustration), 26 

Flag of Augustus, 10 

Flag of Constantine, 10 

Flag of defiance, 11 

Flag of Fort Stanwix, 16 

Flag of Great Britain, 11 

Flag of Jan. 13, 1794 (illustration), 26 

Flag of King James I., 12 

Flag of Scotland, 12 

“Flag of the Brave,’’ 41, 109 

Flag of truce, 11 

Flag of 1896 (illustration), 26 

Flag permanently established, 21 

Flag salute, 29, 30, 31 

Flag used at Brandywine, 16 

Flags of 1774, 13 

Francis Scott Key, death of, 20 

Freedom’s flag, no 

Freedom’s songs in school, 100 

Ft. Moultrie flag (illustration), 18 

General Sherman, 9 

Give me liberty or give me death, 63 

God bless the flag, 82 

God is my leader, 96 

Grand Army, badge of, 170 

Grand Army of the Republic, 25 

Grand rally in Union Square, 50 

“Grand Union’’ flag, 14 

Grand Union flag (illustration), 26 

Gratitude for public confidence, 64 

Greek flags, 10 

Haggard phantoms of despair, 173 
Hail Columbia, 56 


Hallelujah chorus, 43 
Hancock and Reynolds, 191 
Hayne’s speech in the Senate, 70 
His brow with victory crowned, 130 
His martial cloak and shroud, 112 
Historical facts, 131, 149 
Home and liberty, 84 
Honored on land and sea, 82 
How Betsey Ross cut the star, 17 
How Johnny cut the star, 167 
How sleep the brave, 86 
Hymn of the Moravian nuns, in 

Important events in the Rebellion, 152 
Impostures of pretended patriotism, 69 
Infantry and artillery flags, 25 
In the thickest of the fray, 103 

John Brown, death of, 44 
“John Brown’s Body,’’ 45 
Join or die, 159 

Key, Francis Scott, 18 

Bamp of experience, 60 

Banding of the pilgrims, 9S 

Band of the forest and the rock, 91 

Band of the free, 98 

Beonidas and Washington, 86 

Biberty and independence, 176 

Biberty and union, 75 

Biberty Bell, 176, 178 

Biberty knows nothing but victories, 95 

Bike the voice of many waters, 45 

Bincoln at Gettysburg, 165 

Bincoln’s address at Gettysburg, 75 

Bincoln’s return, 97 

Boss of Ft. Sumter unites the North, 152 

Bove gives them a meaning sublime, 106 

Bowell, James Russell, 44 

Manhood is the one immortal thing, 88 
Marching song of the nation, 43 



\ 


Index 


207 


Martial lyric, 49 

Martyred heroes of the free, 171 

Martyrs for freedom, 103 

Massachusetts and South Carolina, 71 

Matabele war, 33 

Material of the flag, 23 

Meade and Hooker, 192 

Measure of a stalwart man, 88 

Men, high-minded men, 116 

Morituri Salutamus, 33, 204 

National hymn, 40. 

New birth of freedom, 76 
New Confederate flag, 202 
No extension of foreign alliances, 68 
No more shall the war-cry sever, 118 
Not a superstitious sentiment, 90 
Nothing but Flags, 114 

O Captain! My Captain, 77 

O Columbia the gem of the ocean, 52 

Of every land the pride, 107 

O glorious flag, 81 

O land of lands, 87 

Old battle-flags, 28 

Old Continentals, 102 

•‘ Old Glory,” 9 

Old Glory, June 14, 1777, 26 

“Old Glory” of the capitol, 24 

On Glory’s fields they fell, 102 

Original close of ‘‘American Flag,” 93 

Origin of Hail Columbia, 58 

Origin of the stripes in the flag, 15 

Other war songs, 55 

Our country first, 92 

Our flag, 106, 164 

Our flag is there, 107 

Our grand old banner, 164 

Our nation’s diadem, 175 

Palmetto flag, 14, 18 

Patriotic addresses and quotations, 59 


Patriotic elections, 29 
Patriotic poems, 97 
Patriotic quotations, 89 
Patriotic songs, 33 
Patriotism, 107 
Patriotism in the school, 29 
Paul Jones, 16 

Peace to the brave who nobly fell, 85 

Persian standard, 10 

Pine Tree flag (illustration), 18 

Poets’ birthdays, 182 

Post flags, 24 

Precipice of disunion, 74 

Present number of stars, 22-23 

Present form of flag adopted, 21 

President’s march, 57 

Programmes, 180 

Prostitution of the flag, 26 

Public opinion, 67 

Pulaski’s banner, in 

Raising the flag, 32 
Rattlesnake flags, 13, 26, 158, 159 
Reasons for change of form, 21 
Red, White, and Blue, 16, 52 
Regimental colors of Pennsylvania, 28 
Revenue flag of 1799, 20 
Ring! oh, ring for liberty, 177 
Rcfman eagle, 10 

Sacredness of Roman standards, 11 

Sacred to liberty, 82 

Salutation of the flag, 29 

Sergeant Jasper, 159 

Secession of South Carolina, 151 

Secession of the Confederate states, 151 

Shall we try argument, 61 

Shannon fired upon, April 3, 1861, 27 

Size of flags, 25 

Smith, S. F. (autograph), 40 

Some dates in history, 131 

Song from the battle-field, 54 


•« 



308 


Index 


Song from the prison, 53 

Song of the camp, 108 

Sound the clarion, 93 

Sound, sound the trump of fame, 56 

South Carolina, 70 

Speech of Patrick Henry, 60 

Spirit of Seventy-six, 115 

St. George’s cross (illustration), 18 

St. George’s flag, 12 

St. Patrick’s cross, 12 

Star and crescent, 194 

Star of the West fired upon, 27 

Stars and bars, 200 

Stars and stripes, arrangement, 12, 22 
Star-spangled banner, 19 
State laws concerning the flag, 26 
Storm and recruiting flags, 24 
Sword of Bunker Hill, 174 
Symbolism of colors, 11, 18 
Symbolism of the stars, 20 

Teaching of patriotism, 59 
Tennyson, 33 

Tenting on the old camp ground, 54 
Thanks of millions yet to be, 87 
That dread, immortal day, 174 
The badges of the army corps, 191 
Their battle-eve confession, 109 
Their fame not limited by state lines, 72 
Their welcome home, 99 
The Kindergarten flag, 185 
The man is grander than the king, 166 
They gave their lives, 170 
They sought not gold, 93 
Thou, too, sail on, O ship of state, 84 
Three hundred thousand more, 51 
To rise no more, 203 
To stand in the evil hour, 193 
Tramp, tramp, tramp, 53 
Treading the path to noble ends, 88 
True patriotism, 116 


Twenty-nine stars, 21 
Unfurl the flag, 23 
Union and liberty, 94 
Union forever, 113 
Union Jack, 12 

Union of states fundamental, 66 
Units the children make, 186 
Unmeaning, yet undying, 35 
Unwept, unhonored, and unsung, 92 
Uses of flags, 9 

Vexillum, 11 
Victor Hugo,. 43 

Walt Whitman, 77 

War is inevitable, 62 

Warnings of a parting friend, 65 

Watch-words of patriotism, 78 

Wave, starry flag, on high ! 8r 

Washington at Newburgh, 166 

Washington’s birthday, 119, 183 

Washington’s farewell address, 63 

Washington’s maxims, 134 

We are coming, Father Abraham, 51 

Webster’s reply to Hayne, 71 

We cannot consecrate this field, 165 

We give thy natal da}' to hope, 87 

We glory in the spirit, 115 

We honor the brave, 184 

When a deed is done for freedom, 88 

When a great man dies, 85 

When the flag had fifteen stripes, 18 

Where man can die, 85 

Whose dignity they do sustain, 87 

Who shall divide us, 94 

Who would sever Freedom’s shrine, 83 

Wierd, discordant howl, 100 

With malice towards none, 80 

World knows her history, 73 

Yankee Doodle, origin of, 34 
Your tea I’ll tax, 37 


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